Language changes in Alzheimer’s disease: A systematic review of verb processing
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) results in language impairments and higher-level communication problems. Research into the language of people with AD (pwAD) has mainly focused on nouns; however, improved understanding of verb processing by pwAD could improve diagnostic assessments and communicative interventions. This systematic review synthesizes findings of AD's effects on verbs from single-word, sentence, and discourse tasks. Review of 57 studies revealed that pwAD were less accurate than controls on single-word tasks and less accurate with verbs than nouns on these tasks. They had difficulty comprehending sentences featuring multiple verbs or verbs with reversible thematic roles. Discourse production by pwAD was marked by vagueness, including declines in total output and propositional content and a preference for generic verbs and simple syntax. Few studies examining sentence production or discourse comprehension were found. Future research should address relationships between long-term memory and language preservation as well as verb use in discourse.
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Speech and language assessments are useful for diagnosing aphasic syndromes and for characterizing other neurodegenerative disorders.
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From Speech and language markers of neurodegeneration: a call for global equity (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
Distinct linguistic deficits have been observed in Alzheimer's disease, including lexico-semantic impairment, simplified syntax and altered figurative language processing.
“Distinct deficits have been observed in Alzheimer's disease (lexico-semantic impairment, 2,29 simplified syntax, 13 altered figurative language processing 16 )”
From Speech and language markers of neurodegeneration: a call for global equity (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
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Rezaii, N., Wong, B., Aisen, P., Beckett, L. A., Dage, J. L., Eloyan, A., Foroud, T., Womack, K. B., Carrillo, M. C., Kramer, J. H., et al. (2025) · npj Dementia · doi:10.1038/s44400-025-00040-0 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Mostaghimi, H., Cohen, D. A., Okhravi, H. R., Niknejad, B., & Audette, M. A. (2025) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics Plus · doi:10.1016/j.aggp.2025.100207 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Fisher, M. N., Casenhiser, D. M., & Paek, E. J. (2023) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2023_ajslp-22-00290 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
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Panahi, M. M., Bayat, S., Khodadadi, A., Sanati, M., Rezaee, S., Ghasimi, M., Besharat, S., Mahboubi-Fooladi, Z., Almasi-Dooghaee, M., Taheri, M. S., et al. (2025) · Aphasiology · doi:10.1080/02687038.2025.2510330 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Speech and language outcome measures in clinical trials of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases
Berthier, M. L., Welford, A. S., Orozco‐Arroyave, J. R., López-Barroso, D., Torres‐Prioris, M. J., Dávila, G., & García, A. M. (2025) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2025.2600616 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Macoir, J., Laforce, R. J., & Hudon, C. (2024) · Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology · doi:10.1097/wnn.0000000000000378 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Language and health studies in the era of holistic health: Achievements and prospects
Ma, W., & Liu, Q. (2023) · Language and Health · doi:10.1016/j.laheal.2023.11.001 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Sanati, M., Bayat, S., Panahi, M. M., Khodadadi, A., Rezaee, S., Ghasimi, M., Besharat, S., Mahboubi‐Fooladi, Z., Almasi‐Dooghaee, M., Taheri, M. S., et al. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.04.09.24305534 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Καλτσά, Μ., Tsolaki, A., Lazarou, I., Mittas, I., Papageorgiou, M., Papadopoulou, D., Tsimpli, I. M., & Tsolaki, M. (2024) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-240496 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Screening for Alzheimer's Disease in Mainland China Based on Syntax Impairment
Yang, Y., Liang, L., Gan, J., Shen, Y., Lu, Z., Shang, W., Ji, W., Cui, S., Feng, G., Ma, Y., et al. (2024) · International Conference on Asian Language Processing · doi:10.1109/ialp63756.2024.10661175 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Análise de clustering e switching da fluência de verbos em indivíduos com doença de Alzheimer
Beber, B. C., Liedtke, F. V., de Oliveira, F. S., Müller-Silveira, L., Alves, E. V., Chaves, M. L. F., & de Salles, J. F. (2023) · CoDAS · doi:10.1590/2317-1782/20232021179pt · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Does Parkinson's disease affect verb production in picture descriptions?
Kavé, G., Goral, M., Mirelman, A., Shiner, T., & Bregman, N. (2024) · Journal of Neurolinguistics · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2024.101230 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Lafenthaler, S., Höller, Y., Bergmann, J., Kirschner, M., Frey, V., Rossini, F., Trinka, E., & Staffen, W. (2025) · Aphasiology · doi:10.1080/02687038.2025.2520358 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Clustering and switching analysis of verb fluency in individuals with Alzheimer’s disease
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¿Son las categorías léxicas tan discretas como parece?
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Bains, R. S., Peracha, H. T., Chandrasekaran, S. H., Reddy, K. S., Kumar, D. V., Prakash, A., Singh, M., Khan, M. K., & Rath, S. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.84885 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cognitive Profiles Across Normal and Unhealthy Ageing
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Syntactic comprehension abilities in aged people with mild cognitive impairment
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Srikant, D., Yoder, E., & Stead, A. L. (2025) · Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups · doi:10.1044/2025_persp-24-00130
Language of Individuals With Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type
Manouilidou, C. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95504-1.00591-3
A corpus-based study of the verb collocations in the Chinese connected speech of Alzheimer’s disease
Gao, N., & He, Q. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-05942-1
Language Domains in Alzheimer’s Disease: State of the Art and Future Directions
de Souza, G. B., & Beber, B. C. (2025) · PAJAR - Pan-American Journal of Aging Research · doi:10.15448/2357-9641.2025.1.48722
Introducing ISPA ‐ AD : Interactive social problem‐solving assessment for Alzheimer's disease
Maussire, C., Haj, M. E., Emmelin, E., & Besnard, J. (2026) · Journal of Neuropsychology · doi:10.1111/jnp.70030
Lexical Aspect as a Linguistic Marker for Alzheimer’s Disease: A Corpus-Based Statistical Analysis
Rodríguez, A. S. (2026) · Philologica Canariensia · doi:10.20420/phil.can.2026.896
Fragkopoulou, K., Manouilidou, C., Markopoulos, G., & Varlokosta, S. (2026) · Journal of Neurolinguistics · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2026.101365
- Authors
- Williams, E., McAuliffe, M., & Theys, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Canterbury (NZ)
- Venue
- Brain and Language
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-12
- Volume
- 223
- Pages
- 105041
- ISSN
- 0093-934X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3208760900
- Cited by
- 40
- References
- 95
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 11
- FWCI
- 1.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Brain and Language (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Canterbury
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, verb processing, language impairment, verb comprehension, sentence comprehension, discourse production, thematic roles, long-term memory, language preservation
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Humans, Language, Language Disorders, Language Tests, Semantics
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