Protein glutathionylation in health and disease
Open accessAbstract
Background It is now recognized that protein cysteines exist not only as free thiols or intramolecular disulfides, that help maintain the 3D structure of proteins, but can also undergo different types of oxidation, one of which is glutathionylation, or the formation of mixed disulfides with glutathione (GSH).Scope of the review We will discuss how proteins can undergo glutathionylation and how this can affect the protein characteristics/function. Glutathionylation is reversible and de-glutathionylation can be catalysed by protein thiol-disulfide oxidoreductases. Genetic modification of the expression of these enzymes, particularly glutaredoxin, using overexpression, knockout mice or siRNA, is becoming an important tool to study the role of protein glutathionylation. While in the past this post-translational modification was mainly known in the context of oxidative stress, measurement of glutathionylated proteins in patients is pointing out a potential importance if this modification in pathogenesis and could identify new biomarkers. We also wanted to point out the main findings in the role of glutathionylation in diseases and drug action.Major conclusions We identify two major open problems in the field, namely the complexity of the mechanisms responsible for glutathionylation and de-glutathionylation, as well as what makes a protein susceptible to glutathionylation.General significance This review underlines the peculiarities of this post-translational modification and their biological role. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Cellular functions of glutathione.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Glutathionylated hemoglobin detected in erythrocytes by mass spectrometry is a good marker of oxidative stress under various conditions, such as renal diseases, diabetes, or hyperlipidemia.
“It has been proposed that glutathionylated hemoglobin detected in erythrocytes by Mass spectrometry (MS) is a good marker of oxidative stress under various conditions, such as renal diseases, diabetes, or hyperlipidemia (Ghezzi 2013).”
From Reactive Oxygen Species, Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Chronic Diseases and Aging (2023) · cites this paper as Ghezzi 2013
Cites
2 retracted
Nagy, N., Malik, G., Tósaki, Á., Ho, Y.-S., Maulik, N., & Das, D. K. (2007) · Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2007.08.021 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
RetractedMalik, G., Nagy, N., Ho, Y.-S., Maulik, N., & Das, D. K. (2007) · Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2007.08.022 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Retracted(1978) · Biochemical Education · doi:10.1016/0307-4412(78)90049-3 · Cited by 5,073 · see citing works
Thioredoxin and Glutaredoxin Systems
Holmgren, A. (1989) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)71625-6 · Cited by 1,804 · see citing works
Jones, D. P. (2006) · Antioxidants & Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2006.8.1865 · Cited by 1,726 · see citing works
Lillig, C. H., Berndt, C., & Holmgren, A. (2008) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2008.06.003 · Cited by 563 · see citing works
Fratelli, M., Demol, H., Puype, M., Casagrande, S., Eberini, I., Salmona, M., Bonetto, V., Mengozzi, M., Duffieux, F., Miclet, E., et al. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.052592699 · Cited by 556 · see citing works
Self-citationRegulation of PTP1B via Glutathionylation of the Active Site Cysteine 215
Barrett, W. C., DeGnore, J. P., König, S., Fales, H. M., Keng, Y., Zhang, Z., Yim, M. B., & Chock, P. B. (1999) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi990240v · Cited by 488 · see citing works
Beer, S. M., Taylor, E. R., Brown, S. E., Dahm, C. C., Costa, N. J., Runswick, M. J., & Murphy, M. P. (2004) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m408011200 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
EXTRACELLULAR THIOLS AND THIOL/DISULFIDE REDOX IN METABOLISM
Moriarty-Craige, S. E., & Jones, D. P. (2004) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.24.012003.132208 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Pineda‐Molina, E., Klatt, P., Vázquez, J., Marina, A., de Lacoba, M. G., Pérez‐Sala, D., & Lamas, S. (2001) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi011459o · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Of urfs and orfs : a primer on how to analyze devised amino acid sequences
Doolittle, R. F. (1986) · University Science Books · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Brigelius, R., Muckel, C., Akerboom, T. P. M., & Sies, H. (1983) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/0006-2952(83)90014-x · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Reversible Glutathionylation Regulates Actin Polymerization in A431 Cells
Wang, J., Boja, E. S., Tan, W., Tekle, E., Fales, H. M., English, S., Mieyal, J. J., & Chock, P. B. (2001) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.c100415200 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Lind, C., Gerdes, R. G., Hamnell-Pamment, Y., Schuppe‐Koistinen, I., von Löwenhielm, H. B., Holmgren, A., & Cotgreave, I. A. (2002) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/s0003-9861(02)00468-x · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Thioltransferase is a specific glutathionyl mixed-disulfide oxidoreductase
Gravina, S. A., & Mieyal, J. J. (1993) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi00064a021 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Of URFs and ORFs: A primer on how to analyze derived amino acid sequences
Barker, W. C. (1987) · Genomics · doi:10.1016/0888-7543(87)90013-9 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Thioredoxin targets in plants: The first 30 years
Montrichard, F., Alkhalfioui, F., Yano, H., Vensel, W. H., Hurkman, W. J., & Buchanan, B. B. (2008) · Journal of Proteomics · doi:10.1016/j.jprot.2008.12.002 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Redox control of enzyme activities by thiol/disulfide exchange
Gilbert, H. (1984) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/0076-6879(84)07022-1 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
ReviewRegulation of protein function by glutathionylation
Ghezzi, P. (2005) · Free Radical Research · doi:10.1080/10715760500072172 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Self-citationRole of nuclear factor κB in cardiovascular health and disease
der Heiden, K. V., Cuhlmann, S., Luong, L. A., Zakkar, M., & Evans, P. C. (2010) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20090557 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Chai, Y. C., Ashraf, S. M., Rokutan, K., Johnston, R. B., & Thomas, J. A. (1994) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1006/abbi.1994.1167 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Identification of Oxidant-Sensitive Proteins: TNF-α Induces Protein Glutathiolation
Sullivan, D. M., Wehr, N. B., Fergusson, M. M., Levine, R. L., & Finkel, T. (2000) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi0007674 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
A Novel Role for Human Sulfiredoxin in the Reversal of Glutathionylation
Findlay, V. J., Townsend, D. M., Morris, T. E., Fraser, J. P., He, L., & Tew, K. D. (2006) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-0484 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Molecular basis for the redox control of nuclear transport of the structural chromatin protein Hmgb1
Hoppe, G., Talcott, K. E., Bhattacharya, S. K., Crabb, J. W., & Sears, J. E. (2006) · Experimental Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2006.07.020 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Brennan, J. P., Wait, R., Begum, S., Bell, J. R., Dunn, M. J., & Eaton, P. (2004) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m403827200 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Starke, D. W., Chock, P. B., & Mieyal, J. J. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m210434200 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Identification and characterization of oxidized human serum albumin
Kawakami, A., Kubota, K., Yamada, N., Tagami, U., Takehana, K., Sonaka, I., Suzuki, E., & Hirayama, K. (2006) · FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05341.x · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Glutathiolation Regulates Tumor Necrosis Factor-α–Induced Caspase-3 Cleavage and Apoptosis
Pan, S., & Berk, B. C. (2006) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/01.res.0000256089.30318.20 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Newman, S. F., Rukhsana Sultana, A., Marzia Perluigi, A., Coccia, R., Cai, J., Pierce, W. M. J., Klein, J. B., Turner, D. M., & Butterfield, D. A. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.21275 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Reversible Oxidative Modification
Figtree, G. A., Liu, C., Bibert, S., Hamilton, E. J., Garcia, A., White, C. N., Chia, K. K. M., Cornelius, F., Geering, K., & Rasmussen, H. (2009) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.109.199547 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Davis, D. A., Newcomb, F. M., Starke, D. W., Ott, D. E., Mieyal, J. J., & Yarchoan, R. (1997) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.272.41.25935 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Actin Glutathionylation Increases in Fibroblasts of Patients with Friedreich's Ataxia
Pastore, A., Tozzi, G., Gaeta, L. M., Bertini, E., Serafini, V., Cesare, S. D., Bonetto, V., Casoni, F., Carrozzo, R., Federici, G., et al. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m301872200 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Glutathione Supplementation Potentiates Hypoxic Apoptosis by S-Glutathionylation of p65-NFκB
Qanungo, S., Starke, D. W., Pai, H. V., Mieyal, J. J., & Nieminen, A. (2007) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m610934200 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Ravichandran, V., Seres, T., Moriguchi, T., Thomas, J. A., & Johnston, R. B. (1994) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(17)31491-6 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Nitric Oxide Inhibits c-Jun DNA Binding by Specifically TargetedS-Glutathionylation
Klatt, P., Pineda‐Molina, E., & Lamas, S. (1999) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.274.22.15857 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Role of cytoplasmic thioltransferase in cellular regulation by thiol-disulphide interchange
Mannervik, B., & Axelsson, K. (1980) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj1900125 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
The phosphatase activity of carbonic anhydrase III is reversibly regulated by glutathiolation.
Cabiscol, E., & Levine, R. L. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.9.4170 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Lillig, C. H., Lönn, M. E., Enoksson, M., Fernandes, A. P., & Holmgren, A. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0401896101 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Oxidoreduction of protein thiols in redox regulation
Ghezzi, P. (2005) · Biochemical Society Transactions · doi:10.1042/bst20051378 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Self-citationGlutaredoxins in Thiol/Disulfide Exchange
Lillig, C. H., & Berndt, C. (2012) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2012.5007 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Wang, J., Tekle, E., Oubrahim, H., Mieyal, J. J., Stadtman, E. R., & Chock, P. B. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0931345100 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Queiroga, C. S. F., Almeida, A. S., Martel, C., Brenner, C., Alves, P. M., & Vieira, H. L. A. (2010) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m109.065052 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Xie, Y., Kole, S., Precht, P., Pazin, M. J., & Bernier, M. (2009) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2008-1241 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase oxidation during cardiac ischemia and reperfusion.
Eaton, P., Wright, N., Hearse, D., & Shattock, M. (2002) · Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology · doi:10.1006/jmcc.2002.2108 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Inhibition of caspase-3 activity and activation by protein glutathionylation
Huang, Z., Pinto, J. T., Deng, H., & Richie, J. P. (2008) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2008.02.026 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
The Utility of N,N-Biotinyl Glutathione Disulfide in the Study of Protein S-Glutathiolation
Brennan, J. P., Miller, J., Fuller, W., Wait, R., Begum, S., Dunn, M. J., & Eaton, P. (2005) · Molecular & Cellular Proteomics · doi:10.1074/mcp.m500212-mcp200 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Bizzozero, O. A., DeJesus, G., Callahan, K., & Pastuszyn, A. (2005) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.20587 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Deglutathionylation of 2-Cys Peroxiredoxin Is Specifically Catalyzed by Sulfiredoxin
Park, J. W., Mieyal, J. J., Rhee, S. G., & Chock, P. B. (2009) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m109.021394 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Dobashi, K., Aihara, M., Araki, T., Shimizu, Y., Utsugi, M., Iizuka, K., Murata, Y., Hamuro, J., Nakazawa, T., & Mori, M. (2001) · Clinical & Experimental Immunology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2249.2001.01535.x · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Increase in hepatic mixed disulphide and glutathione disulphide levels elicited by paraquat
Brigelius, R., Lenzen, R., & Sies, H. (1982) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/0006-2952(82)90393-8 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Lind, C., Gerdes, R. G., Schuppe‐Koistinen, I., & Cotgreave, I. A. (1998) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1006/bbrc.1998.8695 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Quantitative Analysis of Redox-Sensitive Proteome with DIGE and ICAT
Fu, C., Hu, J., Liu, T., Ago, T., Sadoshima, J., & Hong Li, A. (2008) · Journal of Proteome Research · doi:10.1021/pr800233r · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Niwa, T., Naito, C., Mawjood, A. H. M., et al. (2000) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/46.1.82 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Ho, Y.-S., Xiong, Y., Ho, D. S., Gao, J., Chua, B. H. L., Pai, H. V., & Mieyal, J. J. (2007) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.07.025 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
The Depletion of Nuclear Glutathione Impairs Cell Proliferation in 3t3 Fibroblasts
Marković, J., Mora, N. J., Broseta, A., Gimeno, A., de-la-Concepción, N., Viña, J., & Pallardó, F. V. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006413 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Ghezzi, P., Romines, B., Fratelli, M., Eberini, I., Gianazza, E., Casagrande, S., Laragione, T., Mengozzi, M., Herzenberg, L. A., & Herzenberg, L. A. (2002) · Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1016/s0161-5890(01)00114-6 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Self-citationNOV-002, a Glutathione Disulfide Mimetic, as a Modulator of Cellular Redox Balance
Townsend, D. M., He, L., Hutchens, S., Garrett, T. E., Pazoles, C. J., & Tew, K. D. (2008) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-5957 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Modig, H. G. (1968) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/0006-2952(68)90321-3 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Debarbieux, L., & Beckwith, J. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.18.10751 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Enhanced protein glutathiolation and oxidative stress in cigarette smokers
Muscat, J. E., Kleinman, W. A., Colosimo, S., et al. (2003) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2003.11.018 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Glutaredoxin 2 knockout increases sensitivity to oxidative stress in mouse lens epithelial cells
Wu, H., Lin, L.-R., Giblin, F. J., Ho, Y.-S., & Lou, M. F. (2011) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.09.011 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Sulfiredoxin: a potential therapeutic agent?
Findlay, V. J., Tapiero, H., & Townsend, D. M. (2005) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2005.07.003 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Rossi, R. (1995) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/0304-4165(94)00133-i · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Attenuation of doxorubicin-induced cardiac injury by mitochondrial glutaredoxin 2
Diotte, N. M., Xiong, Y., Gao, J., Chua, B. H. L., & Ho, Y.-S. (2009) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.10.014 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Determination of site-specificity of S-glutathionylated cellular proteins
Hamnell-Pamment, Y., Lind, C., Palmberg, C., Bergman, T., & Cotgreave, I. A. (2005) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.04.130 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Stefano, A. D., Frosali, S., Leonini, A., Ettorre, A., Priora, R., Simplicio, F. C. D., & Simplicio, P. D. (2006) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2005.12.012 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Oxidative stress induces S-thiolation of specific proteins in cultured gastric mucosal cells
Rokutan, K., Johnston, R. B., & Kawai, K. (1994) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.1994.266.2.g247 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Increased glutathionylated hemoglobin (HbSSG) in type 2 diabetes subjects with microangiopathy
Rangasamy, S., Balasubramanyam, M., Sudarslal, S., Rema, M., Mohan, V., & Balaram, P. (2005) · Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2005.06.009 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Microheterogeneity of transthyretin in serum and ascitic fluid of ovarian cancer patients
Gericke, B., Raila, J., Sehouli, J., Haebel, S., Könsgen, D., Mustea, A., & Schweigert�, F. J. (2005) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/1471-2407-5-133 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Chu, F., Ward, N., & O'Brian, C. (2001) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/22.8.1221 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Aesif, S. W., Anathy, V., Kuipers, I., Guala, A. S., Reiss, J. N., Ho, Y., & Janssen-Heininger, Y. M. W. (2010) · American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1165/rcmb.2009-0136oc · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Liao, B., Hsieh, C., Lin, Y.-C., & Wung, B. (2010) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfq098 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Reynaert, N. L., Ckless, K., Guala, A. S., Wouters, E. F. �., van der Vliet, A., & Janssen-Heininger, Y. M. W. (2006) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2006.01.006 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
S-Glutathionylation Regulates Inflammatory Activities of S100A9
Lim, S. Y., Raftery, M. J., Goyette, J., et al. (2010) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m109.075242 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Hoppe, G., Chai, Y.-C., Crabb, J. W., & Sears, J. E. (2004) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2004.02.001 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Rokutan, K., Thomas, J. A., & Johnston, R. B. (1991) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.147.1.260 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Debarbieux, L., & Beckwith, J. (2000) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.182.3.723-727.2000 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Activation of the glutaredoxin-1 gene by nuclear factor κB enhances signaling
Aesif, S. W., Kuipers, I., van der Velden, J. L. J., Tully, J. E., Guala, A. S., Anathy, V., Sheely, J. I., Reynaert, N. L., Wouters, E. F. �., van der Vliet, A., et al. (2011) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.06.025 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Watarai, H., Nozawa, R., Tokunaga, A., Yuyama, N., Tomas, M., Hinohara, A., Ishizaka, K., & Ishii, Y. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.230445397 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Glutathionylation pathways in drug response
Ghezzi, P., & Simplicio, P. D. (2007) · Current Opinion in Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.coph.2007.04.006 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationMandal, A. K., Woodi, M., Sood, V., Krishnaswamy, P. R., Rao, A., Ballal, S. H., & Balaram, P. (2007) · Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2007.05.006 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Hormones, glutathione status and protein S-thiolation
Sies, H., Brigelius, R., & Gräf, P. (1987) · Advances in Enzyme Regulation · doi:10.1016/0065-2571(87)90013-6 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Liu, C., Garcia, A., Mahmmoud, Y. A., et al. (2012) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m112.340893 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Post-translational Modification of Transthyretin in Plasma
Terazaki, H., Ando, Y., Suhr, O. B., et al. (1998) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1006/bbrc.1998.9097 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Redox regulation of cyclophilin A by glutathionylation
Ghezzi, P., Casagrande, S., Massignan, T., et al. (2005) · PROTEOMICS · doi:10.1002/pmic.200500177 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationMerry, T. L., Wadley, G. D., Stathis, C. G., GARNHAM, A. P., Rattigan, S., Hargreaves, M., & McConell, G. K. (2010) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2009.184333 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Poulsen, K., Bahl, J. M. C., Tanassi, J. T., et al. (2012) · Methods · doi:10.1016/j.ymeth.2011.12.009 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Rodríguez‐Rocha, H., Garcia, A. G., Zavala-Flores, L. M., Li, S., Madayiputhiya, N., & Franco, R. (2012) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2011.4474 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Godoy, J. R., Oesteritz, S., Hanschmann, E.-M., Ockenga, W., Ackermann, W., & Lillig, C. H. (2011) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.04.036 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Serum Levels of S-Glutathionylated Proteins as a Risk-Marker for Arteriosclerosis Obliterans
Nonaka, K., Kume, N., Urata, Y., Seto, S., Kohno, T., Honda, S., Ikeda, S., Muroya, T., Ikeda, Y., Ihara, Y., et al. (2006) · Circulation Journal · doi:10.1253/circj.71.100 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Takayama, F., Tsutsui, S., Horie, M., et al. (2001) · Kidney International · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.59780155.x · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Characterization of a Novel Hemoglobin-Glutathione Adduct That Is Elevated in Diabetic Patients
Al‐Abed, Y., VanPatten, S., Li, H., et al. (2001) · Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf03401868 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Destabilization of lens protein conformation by glutathione mixed disulfide
Liang, J. N., & Pelletier, M. R. (1988) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/0014-4835(88)90020-6 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Adluri, R. S., Thirunavukkarasu, M., Zhan, L., Dunna, N. R., Akita, Y., Selvaraju, V., Otani, H., Sánchez, J. A., Ho, Y.-S., & Maulik, N. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034790 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
A novel thiol oxidation‐based mechanism for adriamycin‐induced cell injury in human macrophages
Asmis, R., Wang, Y., Xu, L., Kisgati, M., Begley, J. G., & Mieyal, J. J. (2005) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.04-2991fje · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Bachschmid, M. M., Xu, S., Maitland, K. A., Ho, Y., Cohen, R. A., & Matsui, R. (2010) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.07.005 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Cabras, T., Manconi, B., Iavarone, F., et al. (2011) · Journal of Proteomics · doi:10.1016/j.jprot.2011.10.006 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Protein glutathionylation increases in the liver of patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Piemonte, F., Petrini, S., Gaeta, L. M., Tozzi, G., Bertini, E., Vito, R. D., Boldrini, R., Marcellini, M., Ciacco, E., & Nobili, V. (2007) · Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2007.05070.x · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Lin, Y.-C., Huang, G.-D., Hsieh, C., & Wung, B. (2012) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.02.028 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Takayama, F., Tsutsui, S., Horie, M., et al. (2001) · Kidney International · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.07834.x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Naito, C., Kajita, M., & Niwa, T. (1999) · Journal of Chromatography B Biomedical Sciences and Applications · doi:10.1016/s0378-4347(99)00139-5 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
All glutathione forms are depleted in blood of obese and type 1 diabetic children
Pastore, A., Ciampalini, P., Tozzi, G., et al. (2011) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2011.00806.x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Primavera, A., Fustinoni, S., Biroccio, A., et al. (2008) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-0443 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Hempe, J. M., Ory‐Ascani, J., & Hsia, D. S. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Changes in Mouse Liver Protein Glutathionylation after Acetaminophen Exposure
Yang, X., Greenhaw, J. J., Ali, A. A., Shi, Q., Roberts, D. W., Hinson, J., Muskhelishvili, L., Beger, R. D., Pence, L. M., Ando, Y., et al. (2011) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.111.187948 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Altered Cigarette Smoke-Induced Lung Inflammation Due to Ablation of Grx1
Kuipers, I., Bracke, K. R., Brusselle, G., Aesif, S. W., Krijgsman, R., Arts, I. C. W., Wouters, E. F. �., & Reynaert, N. L. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038984 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Redox regulation of the tumor suppressor PTEN by glutathione
Kim, Y., Song, Y. B., Kim, T.-Y., et al. (2010) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2010.07.006 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Frey, S. K., Spranger, J., Henze, A., Pfeiffer, A. F. H., Schweigert�, F. J., & Raila, J. (2009) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2009.05.003 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Burgoyne, J. R., & Eaton, P. (2011) · Biochemical Society Transactions · doi:10.1042/bst0391260 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Hoffman, S. M., Tully, J. E., Lahue, K. G., Anathy, V., Nolin, J. D., Guala, A. S., van der Velden, J. L. J., Ho, Y.-S., Aliyeva, M., Daphtary, N., et al. (2012) · American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajplung.00167.2012 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The unexpected pathway to the creation of the HbA1c test and the discovery of AGE’s
Cerami, A. (2012) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2012.02514.x · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Grek, C. L., Townsend, D. M., Uys, J. D. K., Manevich, Y., Coker, W. J., Pazoles, C. J., & Tew, K. D. (2012) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-4088 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Malvezzi, A., Higa, P. M., do Amaral, A. T., et al. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039408 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Alteration of Transthyretin Microheterogeneity in Serum of Multiple Trauma Patients
Gericke, B., Raila, J., Deja, M., Rohn, S., Donaubauer, B., Nagl, B., Haebel, S., Schweigert�, F. J., & Kaisers, U. (2007) · Biomarker Insights · doi:10.1177/117727190700200014 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Alteration of Transthyretin Microheterogeneity in Serum of Multiple Trauma Patients
Gericke, B., Raila, J., Deja, M., et al. (2007) · PubMed · doi:10.14279/depositonce-7843 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Henze, A., Raila, J., Scholze, A., et al. (2012) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2012.5125 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Glutathionyl Hemoglobin Is Elevated in Iron Deficiency Anemia
Shet, A. S., Pinto, S. M., Mitra, G., et al. (2011) · Acta Haematologica · doi:10.1159/000330945 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Serum S-glutathionylated proteins as a potential biomarker of carotid artery stenosis
Nakamoto, M., Hirose, M., Kawakatsu, M., et al. (2012) · Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.06.017 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Reactive Oxygen Species, Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Chronic Diseases and Aging
Jomova, K., Raptova, R., Alomar, S. Y., Alwasel, S. H., Nepovimova, E., Kuca, K., & Valko, M. (2023) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-023-03562-9 · Cited by 2,638 · see citing works
Neuroprotective effects of Withania somnifera in the SH-SY5Y Parkinson cell model
Wongtrakul, J., Thongtan, T., Kumrapich, B., Saisawang, C., & Ketterman, A. J. (2021) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08172 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Effects of sulforaphane on brain mitochondria: mechanistic view and future directions
Jardim, F. R., de Almeida, F. J. S., Luckachaki, M. D., & de Oliveira, M. R. (2020) · Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE B · doi:10.1631/jzus.b1900614 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
- Authors
- Ghezzi, P.
- Affiliations
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Ghezzi, Pietro
- ORCID
- Ghezzi, Pietro
- Venue
- Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-05
- Volume
- 1830
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 3165-3172
- ISSN
- 0304-4165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2091857499
- Cited by
- 169
- References
- 119
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 4
- FWCI
- 1.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- figshare.com
- Licence
- Locations
- Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- CINECA IRIS Institutional Research information system (University of Urbino) (submittedVersion)
- Sussex Research Online (University of Sussex) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Regional Development Fund — project PERENE
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Redox biology and oxidative stress
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Sulfur Compounds in Biology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Glutathione Transferases and Polymorphisms
- Keywords
- protein glutathionylation, glutaredoxin, post-translational modification, protein oxidation, mixed disulfides, glutathione, oxidative stress, biomarkers, drug action
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Disulfides, Glutathione, Humans, Protein Disulfide Reductase (Glutathione), Protein Processing, Post-Translational, Proteins, Oxidative Stress, Glutaredoxins
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review