Redefining Oxidative Stress
Abstract
Oxidative stress is often defined as an imbalance of pro-oxidants and antioxidants, which can be quantified in humans as the redox state of plasma GSH/GSSG. Plasma GSH redox in humans becomes oxidized with age, in response to oxidative stress (chemotherapy, smoking), and in common diseases (type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease). However, data also show that redox of plasma GSH/GSSG is not equilibrated with the larger plasma cysteine/cystine (Cys/CySS) pool, indicating that the "balance" of pro-oxidants and antioxidants cannot be defined by a single entity. The major cellular thiol/disulfide systems, including GSH/GSSG, thioredoxin- 1 (-SH(2)/-SS-), and Cys/CySS, are not in redox equilibrium and respond differently to chemical toxicants and physiologic stimuli. Individual signaling and control events occur through discrete redox pathways rather than through mechanisms that are directly responsive to a global thiol/disulfide balance such as that conceptualized in the common definition of oxidative stress. Thus, from a mechanistic standpoint, oxidative stress may be better defined as a disruption of redox signaling and control. Adoption of such a definition could redirect research to identify key perturbations of redox signaling and control and lead to new treatments for oxidative stress-related disease processes.
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Fluorescent polystyrene particles with diameters of 50, 80, and 240 nm, but not 500 nm, undergo size-dependent transport across human placental explants into the fetal circuit.
“Wick et al. [137] demonstrated the size-dependent transport of fluorescent polystyrene particles with diameters of 50, 80, and 240 nm (but not 500 nm) across human placental explants into the fetal circuit.”
From Air pollution and children’s health—a review of adverse effects associated with prenatal exposure from fine to ultrafine particulate matter (2021) · cites this paper as [137]
Since enhanced antioxidant status has not been shown to be effective in the alleviation of oxidative stress, a new approach based on the thiol redox pool has been proposed.
“Since the enhanced antioxidant status has not been shown to be effective in the alleviation of oxidative stress, a new approach based on the thiol redox pool has been proposed (Jones 2006).”
From Reactive Oxygen Species, Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Chronic Diseases and Aging (2023) · cites this paper as Jones 2006
A more complex definition of oxidative stress, based on the disruption of redox signaling, has been proposed.
“In view of this, a more complex definition of oxidative stress, based on the disruption of redox signaling has been proposed (Jones 2006).”
From Reactive Oxygen Species, Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Chronic Diseases and Aging (2023) · cites this paper as Jones 2006
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- Authors
- Jones, D. P.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Jones, Dean P.
- ORCID
- Jones, Dean P.
- Venue
- Antioxidants & Redox Signaling
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2006-09
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 9-10
- Pages
- 1865-1879
- ISSN
- 1523-0864 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-7716
- OpenAlex
- W1970240791
- Semantic Scholar
- 21aa29343a7c35ad93ce5d00685d8074eb1f4efa
- Cited by
- 1,726
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 94 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 84 · 2023: 92 · 2022: 96 · 2021: 109 · 2020: 97 · 2019: 87 · 2018: 100 · 2017: 87 · 2016: 105 · 2015: 90 · 2014: 109 · 2013: 89 · 2012: 109
- FWCI
- 4.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Antioxidants and Redox Signaling (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R01ES009047, R01-ES-09047, R01ES011195)
- National Center for Research Resources (M01-RR00039, M01RR000039)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Redox biology and oxidative stress
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Sulfur Compounds in Biology
- Keywords
- oxidative stress, redox signaling, glutathione, glutathione disulfide, thioredoxin, thiol-disulfide balance, redox equilibria, redox regulation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cysteine, Cystine, Glutathione, Humans, Models, Biological, Oxidation-Reduction, Signal Transduction, Oxidative Stress, Glutathione Disulfide
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