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Peripheral inflammatory cytokines and immune balance in Generalised Anxiety Disorder: Case-controlled study
Open accessAbstract
Introduction Previous investigations have demonstrated that major depression is associated with particular patterns of cytokine signalling. The primary aim of this study was to examine peripheral pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and immune balance in Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD).Methods A case-controlled cross-sectional study design was employed: 54 patients with GAD and 64 healthy controls were recruited. Participants completed self-report measures of anxiety and depression. Two pro-inflammatory and two anti-inflammatory cytokines were measured using multiplex technology.Results Case-control logistic regression analyses revealed significant differences in serum levels of IL-10, TNF-α, and IFN-γ between GAD and control groups after adjusting for age, gender, body mass index, smoking and alcohol consumption: these group differences were independent of the presence or degree of depression. Comparison of pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory cytokine ratios indicated that there were significantly higher ratios of TNF-α/IL10, TNF-α/IL4, IFN-γ/IL10, and IFN-γ/IL4 in the GAD group compared to the control group.Conclusions This study is the first to investigate both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and their balance in patients with GAD in comparison to healthy controls. The findings indicate a relatively increased pro-inflammatory response and decreased anti-inflammatory response and provide the first demonstration of an altered cytokine balance in GAD. Serum cytokine levels in GAD were independent of the presence of depression.
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“TNF-α has not been as well-studied in its association with anxiety, although higher levels have been reported in generalized anxiety disorder [43].”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hou, R., Garner, M., Holmes, C., Osmond, C., Teeling, J., Lau, L., & Baldwin, D. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Southampton (GB)
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit (GB)
- University of Cape Town (ZA)
- Corresponding author
- Hou, Ruihua
- ORCID
- Venue
- Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-05
- Volume
- 62
- Pages
- 212-218
- ISSN
- 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5373436
- OpenAlex
- W2584247552
- Cited by
- 191
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 4
- FWCI
- 4.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Southampton
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vagus Nerve Stimulation Research
- Keywords
- generalized anxiety disorder, inflammatory cytokines, anti-inflammatory cytokines, immune homeostasis, TNF-α, IL-10, interferon-gamma, IL-4, cytokine ratios, depression, serum cytokine levels
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Female, Humans, Inflammation, Male, Middle Aged, Case-Control Studies, Cytokines, Inflammation Mediators, Young Adult, Self Report
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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