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Peripheral inflammatory cytokines and immune balance in Generalised Anxiety Disorder: Case-controlled study

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Hou, Ruihua, Garner, Matthew, Holmes, Clive, Osmond, Clive, Teeling, Jessica, Lau, Laurie, Baldwin, David S.·2017·Brain, Behavior, and Immunity

DOI 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.01.021PMC PMC5373436

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Abstract

Introduction Previous investigations have demonstrated that major depression is associated with particular patterns of cytokine signalling. The primary aim of this study was to examine peripheral pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and immune balance in Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD).Methods A case-controlled cross-sectional study design was employed: 54 patients with GAD and 64 healthy controls were recruited. Participants completed self-report measures of anxiety and depression. Two pro-inflammatory and two anti-inflammatory cytokines were measured using multiplex technology.Results Case-control logistic regression analyses revealed significant differences in serum levels of IL-10, TNF-α, and IFN-γ between GAD and control groups after adjusting for age, gender, body mass index, smoking and alcohol consumption: these group differences were independent of the presence or degree of depression. Comparison of pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory cytokine ratios indicated that there were significantly higher ratios of TNF-α/IL10, TNF-α/IL4, IFN-γ/IL10, and IFN-γ/IL4 in the GAD group compared to the control group.Conclusions This study is the first to investigate both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and their balance in patients with GAD in comparison to healthy controls. The findings indicate a relatively increased pro-inflammatory response and decreased anti-inflammatory response and provide the first demonstration of an altered cytokine balance in GAD. Serum cytokine levels in GAD were independent of the presence of depression.

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Authors: Hou, R., Garner, M., Holmes, C., Osmond, C., Teeling, J., Lau, L., & Baldwin, D. S.
Affiliations: University of Southampton (GB)
MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit (GB)
University of Cape Town (ZA)
Corresponding author: Hou, Ruihua
ORCID: Hou, Ruihua
Garner, Matthew
Holmes, Clive
Osmond, Clive
Teeling, Jessica
Lau, Laurie
Baldwin, David S.
Venue: Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2017-05
Volume: 62
Pages: 212-218
ISSN: 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.01.021
PMC: PMC5373436
OpenAlex: W2584247552
Cited by: 191
References: 80
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 4
FWCI: 4.92
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
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Locations: Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
Funders: University of Southampton
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vagus Nerve Stimulation Research
Keywords: generalized anxiety disorder, inflammatory cytokines, anti-inflammatory cytokines, immune homeostasis, TNF-α, IL-10, interferon-gamma, IL-4, cytokine ratios, depression, serum cytokine levels
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Female, Humans, Inflammation, Male, Middle Aged, Case-Control Studies, Cytokines, Inflammation Mediators, Young Adult, Self Report

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Peripheral inflammatory cytokines and immune balance in Generalised Anxiety Disorder: Case-controlled study

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