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Cited by 605COVID-19 and Mental HealthMaternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and PostpartumAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

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Affective temperament, attachment style, and the psychological impact of the COVID-19 outbreak: an early report on the Italian general population

Open access
Moccia, Lorenzo, Janiri, Delfina, Pepe, Maria, Dattoli, Luigi, Molinaro, Marzia, De Martin, Valentina, Chieffo, Daniela, Janiri, Luigi, Fiorillo, Andrea, Sani, Gabriele, Di Nicola, Marco·2020·Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
DOI 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.048PMC PMC7169930
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Abstract

The outbreak of COVID-19 is severely affecting mental health worldwide, although individual response may vary. This study aims to investigate the psychological distress perceived by the Italian general population during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, and to analyze affective temperament and adult attachment styles as potential mediators. Through an online survey, we collected sociodemographic and lockdown-related information and evaluated distress, temperament, and attachment using the Kessler 10 Psychological Distress Scale (K10), the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego-Autoquestionnaire short version (TEMPS-A) and the Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ). In our sample (n = 500), 62% of the individuals reported no likelihood of psychological distress, whereas 19.4% and 18.6% displayed mild and moderate-to-severe likelihood. Cyclothymic (OR: 1.24; p < 0.001), depressive (OR: 1.52; p < 0.001) and anxious (OR: 1.58; p = 0.002) temperaments, and the ASQ "Need for approval" (OR: 1.08; p = 0.01) were risk factors for moderate-to-severe psychological distress compared to no distress, while the ASQ "Confidence" (OR: 0.89; p = 0.002) and "Discomfort with closeness" were protective (OR: 0.92; p = 0.001). Cyclothymic (OR: 1.17; p = 0.008) and depressive (OR: 1.32; p = 0.003) temperaments resulted as risk factors in subjects with moderate-to-severe psychological distress compared to mild distress, while the ASQ "Confidence" (OR: 0.92; p = 0.039) and "Discomfort with closeness" (OR: 0.94; p = 0.023) were protective. Our data indicated that a relevant rate of individuals may have experienced psychological distress following the COVID-19 outbreak. Specific affective temperament and attachment features predict the extent of mental health burden. To the best of our knowledge, these are the first data available on the psychological impact of the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic on a sizeable sample of the Italian population. Moreover, our study is the first to investigate temperament and attachment characteristics in the psychological response to the ongoing pandemic. Our results provide further insight into developing targeted intervention strategies.

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Authors
Moccia, L., Janiri, D., Pepe, M., Dattoli, L., Molinaro, M., De Martin, V., Chieffo, D., Janiri, L., Fiorillo, A., Sani, G., & Di Nicola, M.
Affiliations
  • Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (IT)
  • Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic (IT)
  • University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (IT)
ORCID
Venue
Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2020-07
Volume
87
Pages
75-79
ISSN
0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.048
PMC
PMC7169930
OpenAlex
W3017228769
Cited by
605
References
25
Citations by year
2026: 9 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 68 · 2022: 136 · 2021: 208 · 2020: 129
FWCI
54.24
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (submittedVersion)
  • IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
  • PubliCatt (Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords
COVID-19 pandemic, psychological distress, affective temperament, adult attachment styles, cyclothymic temperament, depressive temperament, anxious temperament, need for approval, confidence, lockdown, risk and protective factors, mental health burden
MeSH terms
Betacoronavirus, Psychological Distress, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adolescent, Adult, Affect, Anxiety, Cyclothymic Disorder, Depression, Disease Outbreaks, Female, Humans, Italy, Male, Middle Aged, Object Attachment, Pneumonia, Viral, Severity of Illness Index, Stress, Psychological, Temperament, Coronavirus Infections, Young Adult, Pandemics

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