Interpreting scores on the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10)
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To provide normative data on the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10), a scale that is being increasingly used for clinical and epidemiological purposes. METHOD: The National Survey of Mental Health And Well-Being was used to provide normative comparative data on symptoms, disability, service utilisation and diagnosis for the range of possible K10 scores. RESULTS: The K10 is related in predictable ways to these other measures. IMPLICATIONS: The K10 is suitable to assess morbidity in the population, and may be appropriate for use in clinical practice.
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K10 cut-off points are 10-15 points for low distress, 16-21 for moderate, 22-29 for high, and 30-50 for very high; values between 22 and 50 points indicate a risk of developing a psychological disorder.
“Using this sum it is possible to identify cut-off points of stress levels, where 10–15 points correspond to “low distress,” 16–21 points to “moderate,” 22–29 points to “high,” and 30–50 points to “very high.” Values between 22 and 50 points indicate a risk of developing a psychological disorder (Andrews and Slade, 2001; Pereira et al., 2019).”
From Burnout and Stress Measurement in Police Officers: Literature Review and a Study With the Operational Police Stress Questionnaire (2020) · cites this paper as Andrews and Slade, 2001
The Results (Table 2) show that higher K10 scores are associated with a greater probability of a current mental disorder. But the paper uses seven score bands—10–14, 15–19, 20–24, and so on—not the four distress categories claimed. The Discussion says further work is needed to establish clinical cutoffs, and the paper does not show that scores of 22–50 predict developing a disorder in the future. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe K10 is a valid and reliable measure.
“Overall, it is a valid and reliable measure21 and an efficient way to ensure that study participants were likely to be experiencing some level of anxiety or depressive symptoms prior to entering the study.”
From Feasibility, Acceptability, and Preliminary Efficacy of Acceptance Commitment Therapy for Adults Living With Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Distress. (2024) · cites this paper as [21]
The Discussion supports the K10’s validity as a measure of psychological distress. It also says the study has no data on the K10’s test–retest reliability, so this source does not establish the reliability part of the claim. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe K10 is a 10-item measure of psychological distress that is sensitive to symptoms of both anxiety and depression.
“The K10 is a 10-item measure of psychological distress that is sensitive to symptoms of both anxiety and depression [30].”
From Feasibility and Acceptability of the Aboriginal and Islander Mental Health Initiative for Youth App: Nonrandomized Pilot With First Nations Young People (2023) · cites this paper as [30]
Several Australian studies using national survey data support the psychometric properties of the K10 including its validity as a measure of distress and as screen for mental health disorders, particularly anxiety and depressive conditions.
“Several Australian studies using national survey data support the psychometric properties of the K10 including its validity as a measure of distress and as screen for mental health disorders, particularly anxiety and depressive conditions (1, 42, 43).”
The K-10 has excellent psychometric properties, including high internal consistency (α = 0.93) and discriminant validity.
“The K-10 has excellent psychometric properties (Andrews and Slade, 2001), including high internal consistency (α = 0.93; Kessler et al., 2002) and discriminant validity (Furukawa et al., 2003).”
From Online mindfulness-enhanced cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety and depression: Outcomes of a pilot trial (2018) · cites this paper as Andrews and Slade, 2001
The K10 has good psychometric properties and high sensitivity and specificity for current anxiety and affective disorders.
“The K-10 has good psychometric properties [18], demonstrating high sensitivity and specificity for current anxiety and affective disorders [19].”
The study used the 10-item Kessler (K10) scale to measure psychological distress.
“Psychological distress was measured in the MCQ questionnaire using the 10-item Kessler (K10) scale [59,60].”
Despite fears that focusing on suicidal ideation might give rise to further suicidal thoughts and attempts, there is no evidence to validate this idea.
“Despite fears that focusing on suicidal ideation might give rise to further suicidal thoughts and even attempts, there is no evidence to validate this idea [15,28].”
From The effectiveness of a suicide prevention app for indigenous Australian youths: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. (2013) · cites this paper as [15]
The Discussion addresses the K10 as a measure of psychological distress, and the scale description lists its questions; neither discusses whether focusing on suicidal ideation causes further thoughts or attempts. Searches for suicidal ideation and for whether asking about suicide increases risk found no passage addressing that claim. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEmerging evidence suggests that online intervention to prevent suicide is feasible and effective.
“Emerging evidence suggests that online intervention to prevent suicide is feasible and effective [14,15].”
From The effectiveness of a suicide prevention app for indigenous Australian youths: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. (2013) · cites this paper as [15]
The Abstract describes normative data for the K10 psychological distress scale, and the Discussion addresses its use as a screening measure. Searches for online suicide-prevention interventions and their feasibility or effectiveness found no passage addressing the claim. The copy does not establish that the claim is false; it provides no evidence for it. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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- Authors
- Andrews, G., & Slade, T.
- Affiliations
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Andrews, Gavin
- Venue
- Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-12
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 494-497
- ISSN
- 1326-0200 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2025961724
- Cited by
- 2,021
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 75 · 2025: 129 · 2024: 163 · 2023: 151 · 2022: 157 · 2021: 161 · 2020: 152 · 2019: 114 · 2018: 84 · 2017: 81 · 2016: 90 · 2015: 81 · 2014: 82 · 2013: 114 · 2012: 89
- FWCI
- 12.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- Kessler Psychological Distress Scale, K10, psychological distress, reference values, psychiatric symptoms, disability, mental health service utilization, psychiatric diagnosis, population morbidity
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Australia, Mental Disorders, Family Characteristics, Health Surveys, Humans, Mental Health Services, Middle Aged, Psychological Tests, Psychometrics, Stress, Psychological, Prevalence
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