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Is returning to work during the COVID-19 pandemic stressful? A study on immediate mental health status and psychoneuroimmunity prevention measures of Chinese workforce
Open accessAbstract
This study aimed to quantify the immediate psychological effects and psychoneuroimmunity prevention measures of a workforce returning to work during the COVID-19 epidemic. Workforce returning to work was invited to complete an online questionnaire regarding their attitude toward the COVID-19 epidemic and return-to-work along with psychological parameters including the Impact of Event Scale-Revised, Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale- 21 (DASS-21) and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). Psychoneuroimmunity prevention measures include precautions at personal and organization levels. From 673 valid questionnaires, we found that 10.8% of respondents met the diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after returning to work. The respondents reported a low prevalence of anxiety (3.8%), depression (3.7%), stress (1.5%) and insomnia (2.3%). There were no significant differences in the severity of psychiatric symptoms between workers/technicians and executives/managers. >95% reported psychoneuroimmunity prevention measures including good ventilation in the workplace and wore a face mask as protective. Factors that were associated with the severity of psychiatric symptoms in the workforce were marital status, presence of physical symptom, poor physical health and viewing return to work as a health hazard (p < 0.05). In contrast, personal psychoneuroimmunity prevention measures including hand hygiene and wearing face masks as well as organizational measures including significant improvement of workplace hygiene and concerns from the company were associated with less severe psychiatric symptoms (p < 0.05). Contrary to expectations, returning to work had not caused a high level of psychiatric symptoms in the workforce. The low prevalence of psychiatric symptoms could be due to confidence instilled by psychoneuroimmunity prevention measures before the resumption of work. Our findings would provide information for other countries during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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“One study found no significant difference in any items between workers/technical staff (n = 551) and management/executive staff (n = 122) (all P > 0.05) (Tan et al., 2020)”
From COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence (2020) · cites this paper as Tan et al., 2020
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“Evidence suggests that this disease has psychological consequences on healthcare workers, students, psychiatric patients and general workers, especially for COVID-19 patients [4–13].”
From Mindfulness-based online intervention on mental health and quality of life among COVID-19 patients in China: an intervention design (2021) · cites this paper as [8]
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Cites
Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17051729 · Cited by 9,923
Self-citationMolecular Mechanisms of Depression: Perspectives on New Treatment Strategies
Lang, U. E., & Borgwardt, S. (2013) · Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1159/000350094 · Cited by 8,526
Validation of the Insomnia Severity Index as an outcome measure for insomnia research
Bastien, C. (2001) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/s1389-9457(00)00065-4 · Cited by 8,067
Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., McIntyre, R. S., Choo, F. N., Tran, B., Ho, R., Sharma, V. K., et al. (2020) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.028 · Cited by 2,571 · cited 6×
“…the COVID-19 epidemic was measured using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) based on previous studies (Wang et al., 2020a; Tan et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020a) The IES-R is a self-administered questionnaire that has been well-validated in Chinese for determining the extent of…”
InfluentialSelf-citationNervous system involvement after infection with COVID-19 and other coronaviruses
Wu, Y., Xu, X., Chen, Z., Duan, J., Hashimoto, K., Yang, L., Liu, C., & Yang, C. (2020) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.031 · Cited by 2,046
Ho, C. S., Chee, C. Y., & Ho, R. C. (2020) · Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore · doi:10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.202043 · Cited by 1,699
Self-citationKang, L., Ma, S., Chen, M., Yang, J., Wang, Y., Li, R., Yao, L., Bai, H., Cai, Z., Xiang Yang, B., et al. (2020) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.028 · Cited by 1,516
Ho, C. S. H., Chee, C. Y., & Ho, R. (2020) · PubMed · Cited by 1,354
Self-citationPsychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on health care workers in Singapore
Tan, B. Y. Q., Chew, N. W. S., Lee, G. K. H., Jing, M., Goh, Y., Yeo, L. L. L., Zhang, K., Chin, H.-K., Ahmad, A., Khan, F. A., et al. (2020) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m20-1083 · Cited by 1,279
Self-citationLi, Z., Ge, J., Yang, M., Feng, J., Qiao, M., Jiang, R., Bi, J., Zhan, G., Xu, X., Wang, L., et al. (2020) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.007 · Cited by 1,223
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Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: a systematic review
Xiong, J., Lipsitz, O., Nasri, F., Lui, L. M. W., Gill, H., Phan, L., Chen-Li, D., Iacobucci, M., Ho, R., Majeed, A., et al. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.001 · Cited by 5,204
Self-citationCOVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence
Vindegaard, N., & Benros, M. E. (2020) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.048 · Cited by 3,221
Epidemiology of mental health problems in COVID-19: a review
Hossain, M. M., Tasnim, S., Sultana, A., Faizah, F., Mazumder, H., Zou, L., McKyer, E. L. J., Ahmed, H. U., & Ma, P. (2020) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.24457.1 · Cited by 1,113
Hao, F., Tan, W., Jiang, L., Zhang, L., Zhao, X., Zou, Y., Hu, Y., Luo, X., Jiang, X., McIntyre, R. S., et al. (2020) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.069 · Cited by 968
“…(Zhang et al., 2020), health professionals (Chew et al., 2020; Mukhtar, 2020; Shi et al., 2020; Tan et al., 2020a) and workers who returned to work (Tan et al., 2020b), there remains little research on the psychological impact and mental health of psychiatric patients living in the community…”
Self-citationCOVID-19-Related Mental Health Effects in the Workplace: A Narrative Review
Giorgi, G., Lecca, L. I., Alessio, F., Finstad, G. L., Bondanini, G., Lulli, L. G., Arcangeli, G., & Mucci, N. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17217857 · Cited by 932
Metadata
- Authors
- Tan, W., Hao, F., McIntyre, R. S., Jiang, L., Jiang, X., Zhang, L., Zhao, X., Zou, Y., Hu, Y., Luo, X., Zhang, Z., Lai, A., Ho, R., Tran, B., Ho, C., & Tam, W.
- Affiliations
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- First People's Hospital of Chongqing (CN)
- University Health Network (CA)
- Army Medical University (CN)
- Huaibei Normal University (CN)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ho, Roger
- ORCID
- Venue
- Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-07
- Volume
- 87
- Pages
- 84-92
- ISSN
- 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7179503
- OpenAlex
- W3020153107
- Cited by
- 582
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 136 · 2021: 192 · 2020: 153
- FWCI
- 52.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National University of Singapore
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Employment and Welfare Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Workplace Health and Well-being
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, return to work, workplace mental health, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression, stress, insomnia, workplace infection prevention, face masks, hand hygiene, workplace ventilation, workplace hygiene
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adult, Anxiety, China, Depression, Female, Health Status, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Male, Masks, Mental Health, Pneumonia, Viral, Psychoneuroimmunology, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Ventilation, Workplace, Marital Status, Coronavirus Infections, Young Adult, Pandemics, Return to Work, Hand Hygiene
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