A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China
Open accessAbstract
In addition to being a public physical health emergency, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affected global mental health, as evidenced by panic-buying worldwide as cases soared. Little is known about changes in levels of psychological impact, stress, anxiety and depression during this pandemic. This longitudinal study surveyed the general population twice - during the initial outbreak, and the epidemic's peak four weeks later, surveying demographics, symptoms, knowledge, concerns, and precautionary measures against COVID-19. There were 1738 respondents from 190 Chinese cities (1210 first-survey respondents, 861 s-survey respondents; 333 respondents participated in both). Psychological impact and mental health status were assessed by the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21), respectively. IES-R measures PTSD symptoms in survivorship after an event. DASS -21 is based on tripartite model of psychopathology that comprise a general distress construct with distinct characteristics. This study found that there was a statistically significant longitudinal reduction in mean IES-R scores (from 32.98 to 30.76, p < 0.01) after 4 weeks. Nevertheless, the mean IES-R score of the first- and second-survey respondents were above the cut-off scores (>24) for PTSD symptoms, suggesting that the reduction in scores was not clinically significant. During the initial evaluation, moderate-to-severe stress, anxiety and depression were noted in 8.1%, 28.8% and 16.5%, respectively and there were no significant longitudinal changes in stress, anxiety and depression levels (p > 0.05). Protective factors included high level of confidence in doctors, perceived survival likelihood and low risk of contracting COVID-19, satisfaction with health information, personal precautionary measures. As countries around the world brace for an escalation in cases, Governments should focus on effective methods of disseminating unbiased COVID-19 knowledge, teaching correct containment methods, ensuring availability of essential services/commodities, and providing sufficient financial support.
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In a sample of 1,173 undergraduate and postgraduate students from a UK university, over 50% surpassed clinical thresholds for anxiety and depression (21).
“In a sample of 1,173 undergraduate and postgraduate students from a university in the UK, over 50% of respondents surpassed clinical thresholds for anxiety and depression (21).”
From Mental health status and coping strategies during COVID-19 pandemic among university students in Central Serbia (2023) · cites this paper as [21]
The Results (Comparison of respondents and mental health status; page unavailable) report 1,738 individual respondents from cities in China, not 1,173 undergraduate and postgraduate students at a UK university. The cited paper reports anxiety and depression scores but does not establish the claimed proportion above clinical thresholds. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredRecent international studies have reported increased symptoms of anxiety, depression, sleep disorders, and psychological distress during lockdown.
“recent international studies have reported increased symptoms of anxiety, depression, sleep disorders, and psychological distress during lockdown (4–10)”
From The Evolution of Psychological and Behavioral Consequences of Self-Isolation During Lockdown: A Longitudinal Study Across United Kingdom and Italy (2022) · cites this paper as [10]
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports stable stress, anxiety, and depression scores across the two surveys and a small reduction—not an increase—in overall psychological impact. It notes greater impact in a younger subgroup during prolonged lockdown, but does not report increased symptoms across the general population; the passages found also do not address sleep disorders. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA strength of the present study is that it addresses the absence of longitudinal studies examining the impact of COVID-19 on adolescents.
“Although a strength of the present study is that it addresses the absence of longitudinal studies examining the impact of COVID‐19 on adolescents (McGinty et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020), there are several limitations that must be acknowledged.”
From Adolescents' longitudinal trajectories of mental health and loneliness: The impact of COVID‐19 school closures (2022) · cites this paper as Wang et al., 2020
The Introduction says longitudinal evidence on COVID-19’s mental-health impact was lacking, but it frames that gap around the general population in China, not adolescents specifically. The Results include respondents aged 12–21.4, but do not establish an absence of longitudinal studies focused on adolescents. The citing authors’ description of their own study as a strength is not a claim this source can verify. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the general public, the COVID-19 pandemic is associated with greater levels of psychological distress and psychopathological problems such as depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress symptoms.
“Recent research has shown that, in the general public, the COVID-19 pandemic is associated with greater levels of psychological distress and a range of psychopathological problems such as depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress symptoms (e.g., Gao et al., 2020; Qiu et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020).”
From Why did all the toilet paper disappear? Distinguishing between panic buying and hoarding during COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as Wang et al., 2020
The Results section (page not provided) reports PTSD-symptom scores above the cutoff in both surveys and measures stress, anxiety, and depression in the Chinese general public during the outbreak. It does not establish that these levels were greater than before the pandemic: stress, anxiety, and depression remained stable between surveys, while psychological-impact scores fell slightly. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOur research suggested significant deleterious effects after the first week, followed by stabilization of scores during the subsequent quarantine period, supporting the view that individuals may adapt to the negative consequences of social isolation and home confinement.
“Consistent with the literature, our research suggested significant deleterious effects after the first week, followed by stabilization of the scores during the subsequent quarantine period, supporting the view that individuals may adapt to the negative consequences of social isolation and home confinement (10, 46, 93).”
From The Evolution of Psychological and Behavioral Consequences of Self-Isolation During Lockdown: A Longitudinal Study Across United Kingdom and Italy (2022) · cites this paper as [10]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Parallel literature from other countries indicates higher levels of panic disorder, anxiety, and depression.
“Parallel literature from other countries indicates that there are higher levels of panic disorder, anxiety, and depression [1,43,44].”
From Relationships between psychopathology, psychological process variables, and sociodemographic variables and comparison of quarantined and non-quarantined groups of malaysian university students in the covid-19 pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as [44]
The Results section (Comparison of respondents and mental health status; page unavailable) reports anxiety and depression scores in a Chinese population, so the paper addresses those two outcomes. It does not report panic disorder, and it found no significant increase in anxiety or depression between its two surveys. Thus it does not support the full claim of higher levels of all three conditions. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCOVID-19 symptoms and disease exposure are associated with negative psychological outcomes including depression, anxiety, and stress.
“Factors relating to COVID-19 symptoms and disease exposure are associated with negative psychological outcomes including depression, anxiety and stress (Moghanibashi-Mansourieh, 2020; Wang et al., 2020).”
Longitudinal studies including multiple time points during COVID-19 are scarce.
“as are longitudinal studies including multiple time points during COVID‐19 (Wang et al., 2020).”
From Adolescents' longitudinal trajectories of mental health and loneliness: The impact of COVID‐19 school closures (2022) · cites this paper as Wang et al., 2020
Wang et al. (2020) found levels of stress, anxiety, and depression remained stable in the general population in China, including adolescents, across two surveys despite sharp increases in COVID-19 cases.
“Wang et al. (2020) surveyed the general population in China, including adolescents, on two separate occasions (January 31 to February 2, 2020, ages 16–59 years; and February 28 to March 1, 2020, ages 12–59 years) and found levels of stress, anxiety, and depression remained stable, despite sharp increases in the number of COVID‐19 cases between the two surveys.”
From Adolescents' longitudinal trajectories of mental health and loneliness: The impact of COVID‐19 school closures (2022) · cites this paper as Wang et al. (2020)
In a follow-up study, there were no significant changes in stress, anxiety and depression levels after one month.
“Longitudinally, however, there were no significant changes in stress, anxiety and depression levels after one month in a follow-up study [44].”
The impact of digital infrastructure on international trade is stronger in countries with better institutional quality.
“Similarly, a study by Wang et al. (2020) found that the impact of digital infrastructure on international trade is stronger in countries with better institutional quality.”
From Digital Transformation in International Trade: Opportunities, Challenges, and Policy Implications (2025) · cites this paper as Wang et al. (2020)
The Results sections examine psychological impact and mental health during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Searches for digital infrastructure, international trade, and institutional quality found no passage addressing the claimed relationship; the paper’s findings on health and survey respondents do not establish a contrary trade finding. (LLM, conf=0.79)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredInstitutional quality, digital infrastructure, and international trade are positively correlated in China.
“Similarly, a study by Wang et al. (2020) found that institutional quality, digital infrastructure, and international trade are positively correlated in China.”
From Digital Transformation in International Trade: Opportunities, Challenges, and Policy Implications (2025) · cites this paper as Wang et al. (2020)
The Results sections address associations between health, demographics, and psychological outcomes during COVID-19 in China. Searches for institutional quality, digital infrastructure, international trade, and their correlation found no passage addressing the claimed relationship; the available passages have no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredBetter digital infrastructure enhances a country's trade competitiveness by reducing transaction costs and improving access to information.
“The authors suggest that better digital infrastructure enhances a country's trade competitiveness by reducing transaction costs and improving access to information.”
From Digital Transformation in International Trade: Opportunities, Challenges, and Policy Implications (2025) · cites this paper as Wang et al. (2020)
The Discussion addresses using the Internet to share COVID-19 health information, and the Results address respondents’ satisfaction with that information; neither addresses trade competitiveness. Searches for digital infrastructure, transaction costs, international trade, and economic competitiveness found no passage supporting the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredRecent studies found that insufficient information or misinformation about COVID-19 was associated with poorer mental health and well-being.
“For example, recent studies found that insufficient information (González-Sanguino et al., 2020) or misinformation (‘fake news’) on COVID-19 (Wang et al., 2020) was associated with poorer mental health and well-being (Ko et al., 2020; Chao et al., 2020; Gao et al., 2020).”
From Lockdown, quarantine measures, and social distancing: Associations with depression, anxiety and distress at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic among adults from Germany (2020) · cites this paper as Wang et al., 2020
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“…the COVID-19 epidemic was measured using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) based on previous studies (Wang et al., 2020a; Tan et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020a) The IES-R is a self-administered questionnaire that has been well-validated in Chinese for determining the extent of…”
InfluentialSelf-citationAnxiety and depression in the Republic of Ireland during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., McBride, O., Murphy, J., Karatzias, T., Bentall, R. P., Martinez, A., & Vallières, F. (2020) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.13219 · Cited by 582 · see citing works
“Results from a longitudinal survey conducted across 190 Chinese cities, for example, found that a high level of confidence in doctors, perceived likelihood of survival and low risk of contracting COVID-19, satisfaction with health information, and personal precautionary measures all protected against increased stress,…”
BackgroundStress and anxiety among university students in France during Covid-19 mandatory confinement
Husky, M. M., Kovess–Masféty, V., & Swendsen, J. D. (2020) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152191 · Cited by 716 · see citing works
“There are limited data concerning the mental health consequences of home confinement or social isolation imposed by societal-level threats, although very recent reports suggest that home confinement has an initial impact on mental health which weakens four weeks later [14,15].”
Tzur Bitan, D., Grossman-Giron, A., Bloch, Y., Mayer, Y., Shiffman, N., & Mendlovic, S. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113100 · Cited by 553 · see citing works
The psychological impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on health professionals: A cross-sectional study
Giusti, E. M., Pedroli, E., D'Aniello, G. E., Stramba Badiale, C., Pietrabissa, G., Manna, C., Stramba Badiale, M., Riva, G., Castelnuovo, G., & Molinari, E. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01684 · Cited by 533 · see citing works
Increase in suicide following an initial decline during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan
Tanaka, T., & Okamoto, S. (2021) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-020-01042-z · Cited by 614 · see citing works
Rettie, H., & Daniels, J. (2021) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000710 · Cited by 526 · see citing works
Depression and anxiety among adolescents during COVID-19: A cross-sectional study
Chen, F., Zheng, D., Liu, J., Gong, Y., Guan, Z., & Lou, D. (2020) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.061 · Cited by 510 · see citing works
“Recent studies have shown different levels of psychological distress among people differently exposed to the COVID-19 epidemic (Wang et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2020).”
Why the COVID-19 pandemic is a traumatic stressor
Bridgland, V. M. E., Moeck, E. K., Green, D. M., Swain, T. L., Nayda, D. M., Matson, L. A., Hutchison, N. P., & Takarangi, M. K. T. (2021) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0240146 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
The psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the general population of Saudi Arabia
Alkhamees, A. A., Alrashed, S. A., Alzunaydi, A. A., Almohimeed, A., & Aljohani, M. (2020) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152192 · Cited by 479 · see citing works
“, Also using a protective mask regardless of the presence of the symptomswas associated with worse IES-R score in contrary to findings by a recent study where they found that maskwearing was associated with lower levels of anxiety and depression [12].”
Salari, N., Khazaie, H., Far, A. H., Khaledi‐Paveh, B., Kazeminia, M., Mohammadi, M., Shohaimi, S., Daneshkhah, A., & Eskandari, S. (2020) · Human Resources for Health · doi:10.1186/s12960-020-00544-1 · Cited by 587 · see citing works
Acute mental health responses during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia
Newby, J. M., O’Moore, K., Tang, S., Christensen, H., & Faasse, K. (2020) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0236562 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
“, hand hygiene, wearing a mask) have been associated with lower distress 79 (8, 12).”
BackgroundMethodWang, C., Tee, M., Roy, A. E., Fardin, M. A., Srichokchatchawan, W., Habib, H. A., Tran, B. X., Hussain, S., Hoang, M. T., Le, X. T., et al. (2021) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0246824 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
“Psychometric properties of the questionnaire were established in the initial phase and peak of the COVID-19 epidemic [8, 9].”
BackgroundSelf-citationCharles, N. E., Strong, S. J., Burns, L. C., Bullerjahn, M. R., & Serafine, K. M. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113706 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Manchia, M., Gathier, A. W., Eser, H. Y., Schmidt, M. V., de Quervain, D. J. ‐., van Amelsvoort, T., Bisson, J. I., Cryan, J. F., Howes, O. D., Pinto, L., et al. (2021) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.10.864 · Cited by 499 · see citing works
“May 020, N = 15,530) ( Li and Wang, 2020 ), elderly people eported less psychopathology compared to younger peole.”
BackgroundPrevalence of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress during COVID-19 Pandemic
Lakhan, R., Agrawal, A., & Sharma, M. (2020) · Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice · doi:10.1055/s-0040-1716442 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Mental health of healthcare workers during the <scp>COVID</scp>‐19 pandemic in Italy
Di Tella, M., Romeo, A., Benfante, A., & Castelli, L. (2020) · Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/jep.13444 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Robb, C. E., de Jager, C. A., Ahmadi‐Abhari, S., Giannakopoulou, P., Udeh‐Momoh, C. T., McKeand, J., Price, G. J., Car, J., Majeed, A., Ward, H., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.591120 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
“One Danish study (n=2,458), conducted within the general public, revealed higher scores in anxiety and depression when compared to prelockdown (14), especially among females, while a Chinese study (n=333) reported a moderate-to-severe level of subjective stress, anxiety and depression in an initial survey post-lockdow…”
BackgroundStudents’ mental health problems before, during, and after COVID-19 lockdown in Italy
Meda, N., Pardini, S., Slongo, I., Bodini, L., Zordan, M. A., Rigobello, P., Visioli, F., & Novara, C. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric sequelae of COVID-19 – A systematic review
Schou, T. M., Joca, S. R. L., Wegener, G., & Bay-Richter, C. (2021) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2021.07.018 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Petzold, M., Bendau, A., Plag, J., Pyrkosch, L., Maričić, L. M., Betzler, F., Rogoll, J., Große, J., & Ströhle, A. (2020) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.1745 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Prevalence of anxiety in the COVID-19 pandemic: An updated meta-analysis of community-based studies
Santabárbara, J., Lasheras, I., Lipnicki, D. M., Bueno‐Notivol, J., Pérez-Moreno, M. A., López‐Antón, R., de la Cámara, C., Lobo, A., & Gracia‐García, P. (2020) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110207 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
Tran, B. X., Nguyen, H. T., Le, H. T., Latkin, C. A., Pham, H. Q., Vu, L. G., Le, X. T. T., Nguyen, T. T., Pham, Q. T., Ta, N. T. K., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.565153 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Self-citationAbuse, self-harm and suicidal ideation in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Iob, E., Steptoe, A., & Fancourt, D. (2020) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2020.130 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Mental health of healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy.
Tella, M. D., Romeo, A., Benfante, A., & Castelli, L. (2020) · Journal of Evaluation In Clinical Practice · doi:10.22541/au.158878917.77777713 · Cited by 328
Yıldırım, M., & Arslan, G. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-01177-2 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Termorshuizen, J. D., Watson, H. J., Thornton, L. M., Borg, S., Flatt, R. E., MacDermod, C. M., Harper, L. E., van Furth, E. F., Peat, C. M., & Bulik, C. M. (2020) · doi:10.1101/2020.05.28.20116301 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
“Reports from China suggest that those with psychiatric illnesses before COVID-19 experienced a worsening in depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress symptoms during the peak of the outbreak (Hao et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020; Zhou, Liu, Xue, Yang, & Tang, 2020).”
BackgroundWang, C.-Y., Chudzicka-Czupała, A., Grabowski, D., Pan, R., Adamus, K., Wan, X., Hetnał, M., Tan, Y.-L., Olszewska-Guizzo, A., Xu, L.-K., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.569981 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
“Outcomes This study used the National University of Singapore COVID-19 questionnaire, and its psychometric properties had been established during the COVID-19 outbreak (23) and pandemic (24).”
MethodSelf-citationRogowska, A. M., Kuśnierz, C., & Bokszczanin, A. (2020) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s266511 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
Forced Social Isolation and Mental Health: A Study on 1,006 Italians Under COVID-19 Lockdown
Pancani, L., Marinucci, M., Aureli, N., & Riva, P. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.663799 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Related health factors of psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain
Gómez-Salgado, J., Andrés-Villas, M., Domínguez-Salas, S., Díaz-Milanés, D., & Ruiz-Frutos, C. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17113947 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
“Additionally, the presence of COVID-19 symptoms was associated with higher levels of stress, anxiety, and depression [31].”
BackgroundWang, C., Wen, W., Zhang, H., Ni, J., Jiang, J., Cheng, Y., Zhou, M., Ye, L., Feng, Z., Ge, Z., et al. (2023) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2021.1960849 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Self-citationKunzler, A. M., Röthke, N., Günthner, L., Stoffers-Winterling, J., Tüscher, O., Coenen, M., Rehfuess, E., Schwarzer, G., Binder, H., Schmucker, C., et al. (2021) · Globalization and Health · doi:10.1186/s12992-021-00670-y · Cited by 262 · see citing works
“General population - Mental disorder/or symptoms [44, 49, 51, 52, 58, 64, 69, 74, 78, 82, 83, 116, 132, 135](1)) - Worries about relatives or oneself [51, 57, 64, 66, 74, 75, 80, 89, 82, 83](1) [48](1,2) - Being female [49, 52, 63, 66, 69, 72, 74, 79, 82, 83, 93](1) [vs 1x being male] - Previous (chronic) medical dise…”
Background(2020) · doi:10.1017/s0033291720003414 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
“The direct relationship between greater knowledge of COVID-19 prevention methods and depressive symptoms may reflect the adverse effects of being too cognizant, and potentially more fearful, of possible exposure to the many risk factors for COVID-19 infection (Huang & Zhao, 2020; Wang et al., 2020).”
BackgroundThe COVID-19 Pandemic and changes in adult Brazilian lifestyles: a cross-sectional study, 2020.
Malta, D., Szwarcwald, C., Barros, M. B. D. A., Gomes, C., Machado, Í., de Souza, P. D., Romero, D., Lima, M., Damacena, G. N., Pina, M. D. F., et al. (2020) · Epidemiologia e Serviços de Saúde · doi:10.1590/s1679-49742020000400026 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
“Salgadinhos mais de 2 dias 9,5 (8,6;10,5) 13,2 (12,2;14,3)”
InfluentialConversano, C., Di Giuseppe, M., Miccoli, M., Ciacchini, R., Gemignani, A., & Orrù, G. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01900 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Socioeconomic status and well-being during COVID-19: A resource-based examination.
Wanberg, C. R., Csillag, B., Douglass, R. P., Zhou, L., & Pollard, M. S. (2020) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000831 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
“In the case of COVID-19, there have been indications that higher satisfaction with knowledge about the virus is related to lower depression (Wang et al., 2020), perhaps because individuals feel efficacious about precautionary measures.”
BackgroundStress and coping during COVID-19 pandemic: Result of an online survey
Kar, N., Kar, B., & Kar, S. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113598 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
“5% respectively (Wang et al., 2020) in different populations.”
Epidemiology of mental health problems among patients with cancer during COVID-19 pandemic
Wang, Y.-Y., Duan, Z.-Z., Ma, Z.-K., Mao, Y.-Z., Li, X., Wilson, A., Qin, H.-Y., Ou, J., Peng, K., Zhou, F., et al. (2020) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-020-00950-y · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Depression and Anxiety During the COVID‐19 Pandemic in an Urban, Low‐Income Public University Sample
Rudenstine, S., McNeal, K., Schulder, T., Ettman, C. K., Hernandez, M., Gvozdieva, K., & Galea, S. (2021) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22600 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
“It is plausible that the high prevalence of moderate-to-severe depression and anxiety symptoms in our urban-dwelling, marginalized student sample represents a compounding of preexisting marginalization, such as previous financial and occupational insecurity, as well as the new stressors, mortality rates, and new socio…”
BackgroundInfluentialOzamiz-Etxebarria, N., Idoiaga Mondragon, N., Dosil Santamaría, M., & Picaza Gorrotxategi, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01491 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Necho, M., Tsehay, M., Birkie, M., Biset, G., & Amsalu, E. T. (2021) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00207640211003121 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
The impact of COVID-19 on the lives and mental health of Australian adolescents
Li, S. H., Beames, J. R., Newby, J. M., Maston, K., Christensen, H., & Werner-Seidler, A. (2022) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-021-01790-x · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Carriedo, A., Estrada, J. A. C., Fernández‐Río, J., & Mendez‐Giménez, A. (2020) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2020.08.007 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
“2 studies on COVID-19 have revealed a prevalence of mental health disturbances in health professionals(12,13) and other populations.(14,15) In this regard, theory suggests that resilient individuals would be more likely to bounce back from negative experiences quicker and effectively.”
Breaux, R., Dvorsky, M. R., Marsh, N. P., Green, C. D., Cash, A. R., Shroff, D. M., Buchen, N., Langberg, J. M., & Becker, S. P. (2021) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13382 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
“, 2020) and that this increase may be short-lived, with reductions in psychological impact observed four weeks after the onset of COVID-19 in China (Wang et al., 2020).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCoping styles and mental health in response to societal changes during the COVID-19 pandemic
Gurvich, C., Thomas, N., Thomas, E. H., Hudaib, A.-R., Sood, L., Fabiatos, K., Sutton, K., Isaacs, A., Arunogiri, S., Sharp, G., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764020961790 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
“The DASS has been previously used in research related to infectious disease outbreaks, including SARS (McAlonan et al., 2007) and early studies in China in relation to COVID-19 (Wang et al., 2020a).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialTraumatic Stress in Healthcare Workers during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review of the Immediate Impact
Benfante, A., Di Tella, M., Romeo, A., & Castelli, L. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.569935 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Yan, L., Gan, Y., Ding, X., Wu, J., & Duan, H. (2021) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102328 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
“A recent online survey found that moderate-to-severe stress, anxiety, and depression were noted in 8.1 %, 28.8 %, and 16.5 %, respectively, of the general population (Wang et al., 2020c).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialDzhambov, A. M., Lercher, P., Browning, M. H. E. M., Stoyanov, D., Petrova, N., Novakov, S. S., & Dimitrova, D. (2020) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2020.110420 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Castellini, G., Cassioli, E., Rossi, E., Innocenti, M., Gironi, V., Sanfilippo, G., Felciai, F., Monteleone, A. M., & Ricca, V. (2020) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.23368 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
“More specifically, COVID-19 epidemic may have been experienced as a traumatic event, thus, resulting in an increase of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms (Liu, Gayle, Wilder-Smith, & Rocklöv, 2020; Wang et al., 2020).”
BackgroundSymptoms in Health Care Workers during the COVID-19 Epidemic. A Cross-Sectional Survey
Magnavita, N., Tripepi, G. L., & Prinzio, R. R. D. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17145218 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
“Although these studies mainly concern patients affected by the disease [11], some describe the situation of the general population [12].”
BackgroundNing, L.-W., Niu, J., Bi, X.-J., Yang, C., Liu, Z., Wu, Q.-H., Ning, N., Liang, L.-B., Liu, A.-S., Hao, Y.-H., et al. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09892-y · Cited by 227 · see citing works
“Measuring the emotional responses of people in social isolation during the COVID-19 outbreak has started to attract attention from the research community [7].”
BackgroundBanna, M. H. A., Sayeed, A., Kundu, S., Christopher, E., Hasan, M., Begum, M., Kormoker, T., Dola, S. T. I., Hassan, M., Chowdhury, S., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Health Research · doi:10.1080/09603123.2020.1802409 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
“Previous studies have reported prevalence rates of depressive symptoms among the general population at 16.5% in China (Wang et al. 2020a, 2020b) and 11.4% in Japan (Ueda et al. 2020).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialWinkler, P., Formanek, T., Mlada, K., Kagstrom, A., Mohrova, Z., Mohr, P., & Csemy, L. (2020) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796020000888 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Ochnik, D., Rogowska, A. M., Kuśnierz, C., Jakubiak, M., Schütz, A., Held, M. J., Arzenšek, A., Benatov, J., Berger, R., Korchagina, E. V., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-97697-3 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Wang, C., Chudzicka-Czupała, A. E., Tee, M. L., Núñez, M. I. L., Tripp, C., Fardin, M. A., Habib, H. A., Tran, B. X., Adamus, K., Anlacan, J. P., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-85943-7 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Self-citationShahnazi, H., Ahmadi-Livani, M., Pahlavanzadeh, B., Rajabi, A., Hamrah, M. S., & Charkazi, A. (2020) · Infectious Diseases of Poverty · doi:10.1186/s40249-020-00776-2 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Saddik, B., Hussein, A., Sharif-Askari, F., Kheder, W., Temsah, M., Koutaich, R., Haddad, E., Al-Roub, N., Marhoon, F. A., Hamid, Q., et al. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.2147/rmhp.s273333 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Patsali, M., Mousa, D.-P. V., Papadopoulou, E., Papadopoulou, K., Kaparounaki, C. K., Diakogiannis, I., & Fountoulakis, K. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113298 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Qualitative study of the psychological experience of COVID-19 patients during hospitalization
Sun, N., Wei, L., Wang, H., Wang, X., Gao, M., Hu, X., & Shi, S. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.040 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Anxiety and Depression Among People Under the Nationwide Partial Lockdown in Vietnam
Le, H. T., Lai, A. J. X., Sun, J., Hoang, M. T., Vu, L. G., Pham, H. Q., Nguyen, T. H., Tran, B. X., Latkin, C. A., Le, X. T. T., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.589359 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
“The mean DASS-21 depression, anxiety, and stress scores were lower than those previously reported in other countries, such as China, Iran, and Italy (8–11) Confidence in doctor’s ability to diagnose or recognize, greater likelihood to survive COVID19, and satisfaction with health information were associated with lower…”
ResultSelf-citationGambin, M., Sękowski, M., Woźniak-Prus, M., Wnuk, A., Oleksy, T., Cudo, A., Hansen, K., Huflejt-Łukasik, M., Kubicka, K., Łyś, A. E., et al. (2021) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152222 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Ausín, B., González-Sanguino, C., Castellanos, M. A., & Muñoz, M. (2020) · Journal of Gender Studies · doi:10.1080/09589236.2020.1799768 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
“…levels of stress and anxiety, insomnia and irritability and loneliness (Balluerka et al. 2020; Brooks, et al., 2020; Bu, Steptoe, & Fancourt, 2020; González-Sanguino et al., 2020; Ko et al. 2020; Li et al., 2020; Lima et al., 2020; Wang et al. 2020a; Romero et al. 2020; Shelef & Zalsman, 2020).”
BackgroundSchnell, T., & Krampe, H. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.582352 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Rad, R. E., Mohseni, S., Takhti, H. K., Hassaniazad, M., Shahabi, N. A., Aghamolaei, T., & Norozian, F. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10500-w · Cited by 211 · see citing works
“According to the literature, governments need to find effective ways to disseminate unbiased information about COVID-19, train appropriate preventive strategies, ensure the availability of essential services and goods, and provide adequate financial support to overcome this crisis [1, 52].”
BackgroundMental health of pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal study
López‐Morales, H., del Valle, M. V., Juric, L. C., Andrés, M. L., Galli, J. I., Poó, F. M., & Urquijo, S. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113567 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Hines, S. E., Chin, K. H., Glick, D. R., & Wickwire, E. M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18020488 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
“Our findings also echo the pattern observed in the Chinese general population, where psychiatric distress decreased significantly between the COVID-19 onset and peak number of cases one month later [28].”
ResultOgunleye, O. O., Basu, D., Mueller, D., Sneddon, J., Seaton, R. A., Yinka-Ogunleye, A. F., Wamboga, J., Miljković, N., Mwita, J. C., Rwegerera, G. M., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.01205 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Chi, X., Liang, K., Chen, S., Huang, Q., Huang, L., Yu, Q., Jiao, C., Guo, T., Stubbs, B., Hossain, M. M., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2020.100218 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Luijten, M. A. J., van Muilekom, M. M., Teela, L., Polderman, T. J. C., Terwee, C. B., Zijlmans, J., Klaufus, L. H., Popma, A., Oostrom, K. J., van Oers, H. A., et al. (2021) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-021-02861-x · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Psychological distress related to COVID-19 – The contribution of continuous traumatic stress
Lahav, Y. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.141 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
“Consistent with a previous study (Wang et al., 2020), the present results indicated that female participants had a higher degree of psychological distress related to COVID-19 than did male participants.”
InfluentialBarendse, M. E. A., Flannery, J., Cavanagh, C., Aristizabal, M., Becker, S. P., Berger, E. L., Breaux, R., Campione‐Barr, N., Church, J. A., Crone, E. A., et al. (2022) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12781 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
“…the pandemic included adolescents and adults from China and found no change in anxiety or depression symptoms from early February to March, when cases dramatically increased (although, only 19% of 1,738 participants had longitudinal data and no longitudinal analysis was done; Wang et al., 2020).”
BackgroundSelf-reported changes in anxiety, depression and suicidality during the COVID-19 lockdown in Greece
Fountoulakis, K., Apostolidou, M., Atsiova, M. B., Filippidou, A. K., Florou, A. K., Gousiou, D. S., Katsara, A. R., Mantzari, S. N., Padouva-Markoulaki, M., Papatriantafyllou, E. I., et al. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.10.061 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Ferrando, S. J., Klepacz, L., Lynch, S. T., Tavakkoli, M., Dornbush, R. L., Baharani, R., Smolin, Y., & Bartell, A. S. (2020) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/j.psym.2020.05.012 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Association Between Mood Disorders and Risk of COVID-19 Infection, Hospitalization, and Death
Ceban, F., Nogo, D., Carvalho, I. P., Lee, Y. L., Nasri, F., Xiong, J., Lui, L. M. W., Subramaniapillai, M., Gill, H., Liu, R. N., et al. (2021) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.1818 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Self-citationKohls, E., Baldofski, S., Moeller, R., Klemm, S.-L., & Rummel‐Kluge, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.643957 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
“A longitudinal study showed that Chinese students between the ages of 12 and 21 reported stronger signs of psychological stress than other age groups (11).”
BackgroundImpact of COVID-19 outbreak on nurses’ mental health: A prospective cohort study
Sampaio, F., Sequeira, C., & Teixeira, L. (2020) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2020.110620 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Coping strategies and mental health during COVID-19 lockdown
Budimir, S., Probst, T., & Pieh, C. (2021) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2021.1875412 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
“Although the first lockdown measures were beneficial for physical health by stopping the spread of coronavirus, they had a damaging effect on mental health (Brooks et al., 2020; Huang & Zhao, 2020; Kazmi et al., 2020; Pieh et al., 2020b; Rossi et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020a).”
BackgroundInfluentialZhu, S., Wu, Y., Zhu, C.-Y., Hong, W.-C., Yu, Z.-X., Chen, Z.-K., Chen, Z.-L., Jiang, D.-G., & Wang, Y.-G. (2020) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.045 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
“Consistent with other reports (e.g., Li et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2020), our results show a relative high prevalence of mental health problems in our sample.”
- Authors
- Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., McIntyre, R. S., Choo, F. N., Tran, B., Ho, R., Sharma, V. K., & Ho, C.
- Affiliations
- Huaibei Normal University (CN)
- University Health Network (CA)
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ho, Roger
- ORCID
- Venue
- Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-07
- Volume
- 87
- Pages
- 40-48
- ISSN
- 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7153528
- OpenAlex
- W3016216556
- Cited by
- 2,571
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 103 · 2024: 176 · 2023: 347 · 2022: 611 · 2021: 845 · 2020: 455 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 225.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- National University of Singapore (submittedVersion)
- Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National University of Singapore (R-722-000-004-731)
- Huaibei Normal University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, mental health, psychological impact, anxiety, depression, stress, post-traumatic stress disorder, general population, protective factors, perceived infection risk, precautionary measures, China
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, Internet-Based Intervention, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Child, China, Depression, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Masks, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Pneumonia, Viral, Psychotherapy, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Stress, Psychological, Health Behavior, Coronavirus Infections, Young Adult, Epidemics, Pandemics, Hand Hygiene
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