Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: a systematic review
Open accessAbstract
Background As a major virus outbreak in the 21st century, the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to unprecedented hazards to mental health globally. While psychological support is being provided to patients and healthcare workers, the general public's mental health requires significant attention as well. This systematic review aims to synthesize extant literature that reports on the effects of COVID-19 on psychological outcomes of the general population and its associated risk factors.Methods A systematic search was conducted on PubMed, Embase, Medline, Web of Science, and Scopus from inception to 17 May 2020 following the PRISMA guidelines. A manual search on Google Scholar was performed to identify additional relevant studies. Articles were selected based on the predetermined eligibility criteria.Results Relatively high rates of symptoms of anxiety (6.33% to 50.9%), depression (14.6% to 48.3%), post-traumatic stress disorder (7% to 53.8%), psychological distress (34.43% to 38%), and stress (8.1% to 81.9%) are reported in the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic in China, Spain, Italy, Iran, the US, Turkey, Nepal, and Denmark. Risk factors associated with distress measures include female gender, younger age group (≤40 years), presence of chronic/psychiatric illnesses, unemployment, student status, and frequent exposure to social media/news concerning COVID-19.Limitations A significant degree of heterogeneity was noted across studies.Conclusions The COVID-19 pandemic is associated with highly significant levels of psychological distress that, in many cases, would meet the threshold for clinical relevance. Mitigating the hazardous effects of COVID-19 on mental health is an international public health priority.
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Cross-sectional data collected early in the pandemic suggested that college students were disproportionately affected by stress, depression, anxiety, and loneliness due to reduced social interactions, lack of social support, and newly arising stressors associated with the COVID-19 crisis.
“Cross-sectional data collected early in the pandemic period suggested that college students were disproportionately affected by stress, depression, anxiety, and loneliness due to reduced social interactions, lack of social support, and newly arising stressors associated with the COVID-19 crisis [28, 34–37].”
From Psychological correlates of perceived loneliness in college students before and during the COVID-19 stay-at-home period: a longitudinal study (2023) · cites this paper as [37]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, reported rates of depression in general populations ranged from 14.6% to 48.3%.
“A growing body of evidence has demonstrated the clinical effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health, including higher rates of depression (14.6-48.3%), anxiety (6.3-50.9%), and stress (8.1-81.9%) [2,5,6].”
From Depression, anxiety, and stress in Korean general population during the COVID-19 pandemic. (2022) · cites this paper as [5]
The Results section ('Symptoms of depression and associated risk factors') reports the exact 14.6%–48.3% range for depressive symptoms in the reviewed studies. It explicitly cautions that depressive symptoms do not constitute a clinical diagnosis of depression, so the citing sentence's unqualified reference to rates of depression overstates the finding. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSingle subjects are more likely to feel loneliness and isolation than married couples, which may explain their higher levels of stress, anxiety, and depression.
“Single subjects are certainly more likely to feel the effects of loneliness and isolation than married couples, which may explain their consistently higher levels of stress, anxiety, and depression [5,27].”
From Depression, anxiety, and stress in Korean general population during the COVID-19 pandemic. (2022) · cites this paper as [5]
The Results section on depression lists both being single and high loneliness as risk factors for depressive symptoms. It does not establish that single people are lonelier than married people or that loneliness explains their symptoms. The stress results do not identify single status as a risk factor, and the anxiety results report one study in which married participants had higher anxiety than unmarried participants. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAccording to the WHO, MDD is the single largest contributor to loss of healthy life, and this contribution has apparently further increased during the COVID-19 pandemic.
“According to the World Health Organization (WHO), MDD is the sin gle largest contributor to loss of healthy life, and this contribution has apparently fur ther increased during the COVID- 19 pandemic 6- 8 .”
From Treatment‐resistant depression: definition, prevalence, detection, management, and investigational interventions (2023) · cites this paper as [8]
The Results section (‘Symptoms of depression and associated risk factors’; page not provided) reports higher rates of depressive symptoms during the pandemic than pre-pandemic estimates. It explicitly cautions that depressive symptoms do not establish a clinical diagnosis. The paper does not support the WHO ranking or show that MDD’s contribution to loss of healthy life increased. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe presence of an acquaintance infected with COVID-19 in the immediate environment is one of the predictive factors of depression.
“The presence of an acquaintance infected with COVID-19 in the immediate environment is one of the predictive factors of depression (Ghazawy et al. 2020, Hyland et al. 2020, Xiong et al. 2020).”
From DETERMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEALTH TECHNICIAN STUDENTS' ATTITUDES TO THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND INTOLERANCE OF UNCERTAINTY WITH DEPRESSION, ANXIETY, AND STRESS LEVELS (2023) · cites this paper as Xiong et al. 2020
The Results section (‘Symptoms of depression and associated risk factors’) lists having an acquaintance infected with COVID-19 among predictive factors for depressive symptoms. It does not establish that the acquaintance was in the person’s immediate environment, and the same section cautions that depressive symptoms are not a clinical diagnosis of depression. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Young adults were the most at risk of psychological distress during the pandemic in several countries.
“several studies showed that young adults were the most at risk of psychological distress in different countries such as India, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Iran, and Belgium (e.g., [13,16,30,31]).”
From At the Peak of the Second Wave of COVID-19, Did Millennials Show Different Emotional Responses from Older Adults? (2022) · cites this paper as [31]
The Results (Study characteristics; page unavailable) identify younger age as a risk factor in studies from Spain, Italy, and Iran, and the Discussion (Populations with greater susceptibility; page unavailable) reports more adverse psychological symptoms among people under 40. The review does not establish that young adults were the *most* at risk, and its cited country list does not include India, Portugal, or Belgium. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe prevalence of somatic symptoms (56%), anxiety (36%), and depression (46%) in this sample were high compared to other studies done during the COVID-19 pandemic.
“the prevalence of somatic symptoms (56%), anxiety (36%), and depression (46%) in this sample were high compared to other studies done during the COVID-19 pandemic (Ran et al., 2020; Salari et al., 2020; Xiong et al., 2020).”
From Does the practice of mindfulness reduce somatic symptoms and COVID-19-related anxiety? A community-based survey (2022) · cites this paper as Xiong et al., 2020
The Results sections on anxiety and depression report prevalence ranges of 6.33%–50.9% and 14.6%–48.3%, respectively. The citing sample’s 36% anxiety and 46% depression rates are high within those ranges, though not higher than every study reviewed. The paper does not provide a comparable prevalence for somatic symptoms or establish that 56% is high relative to other studies. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, the prevalence of self-reported modest-to-severe posttraumatic stress symptoms in the global general population ranged from 7% to 53.8%, compared with a world average of 3.9%-7.8% prior to the pandemic.
“The prevalence of self-reported modest-to-severe posttraumatic stress symptoms in the global general population ranged from 7 % to 53.8 % during the pandemic (Xiong et al., 2020; Krishnamoorthy et al., 2020), compared to the world average of 3.9 %–7.8 % prior to the pandemic (McLaughlin et al., 2015; Koenen et al., 2017).”
From Efficacy and mechanisms of mobile application-delivered Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in China: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (2022) · cites this paper as Xiong et al., 2020
The Abstract (Methods/Results) reports a 7%–53.8% range for PTSD symptoms in general-population studies during the pandemic. However, the Results section identifies the 53.8% figure as moderate-to-severe psychological impact, while the 7% figure is reported as PTSD symptoms without the claimed severity qualifier. The pre-pandemic comparison is attributed to other citations in the citing sentence, not to Xiong et al. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFew studies have focused on positive outcomes during the 2020 pandemic.
“To our knowledge, to date, few studies focused on positive outcomes during the 2020 pandemic [25, 26] and even fewer on resilience [27, 28].”
From Factors impacting resilience as a result of exposure to COVID-19: The ecological resilience model (2021) · cites this paper as [25]
The Results section (“Protective factors against symptoms of mental disorders”; page unavailable) says a few included studies identified protective factors and mentions positive psychological outcomes. That supports the observation that positive outcomes received limited attention within this review, but it does not establish that few studies across the 2020 pandemic literature focused on them. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEvidence is mounting of potentially long-lasting consequences of the pandemic on mental health, with young people identified as particularly vulnerable-although the evidence is still not definitive.
“At the same time, evidence is mounting of potentially long-lasting consequences of the pandemic on mental health, with young people identified as particularly vulnerable—although the evidence is still not definitive.2, 21, 24, 25, 26, 27”
From Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study (2022) · cites this paper as [2]
The Results section identifies younger adults (≤40 years) and students as groups reporting more adverse psychiatric symptoms during the pandemic. The Discussion says follow-up studies may be needed to assess long-term impacts; it does not establish mounting evidence that those impacts will be long-lasting. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThere was high heterogeneity across studies in assessment tools and primary outcomes.
“However, there was notably high heterogeneity across studies in the assessment tools used and primary outcomes measured.”
From The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on help-seeking behaviors in individuals suffering from eating disorders and their caregivers (2020) · cites this paper as [16]
In a separate analysis of five of nineteen included studies, anxiety symptoms ranged from 6.33% to 18.7%, depressive symptoms from 14.6% to 32.8%, stress symptoms were 27.2%, and PTSD symptoms were 7%.
“the rates of anxiety symptoms ranged from 6.33% to 18.7%, depressive symptoms from 14.6% to 32.8%, stress symptoms were 27.2%, and PTSD symptoms were 7%.”
From The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on help-seeking behaviors in individuals suffering from eating disorders and their caregivers (2020) · cites this paper as [16]
Xiong et al. found a high prevalence of adverse psychiatric symptoms in most studies across eight countries.
“Xiong et al. [16] found that a high prevalence of adverse psychiatric symptoms was reported in most studies conducted across eight countries.”
From The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on help-seeking behaviors in individuals suffering from eating disorders and their caregivers (2020) · cites this paper as [16]
Poor economic status is a significant risk factor for developing symptoms of mental disorders, especially depressive symptoms during the pandemic period.
“Poor economic status is a significant risk factor for developing symptoms of mental disorders, especially depressive symptoms during the pandemic period [5].”
From Depression, anxiety, and stress in Korean general population during the COVID-19 pandemic. (2022) · cites this paper as [5]
During the COVID-19 pandemic, reported rates of anxiety in general populations ranged from 6.3% to 50.9%.
“A growing body of evidence has demonstrated the clinical effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health, including higher rates of depression (14.6-48.3%), anxiety (6.3-50.9%), and stress (8.1-81.9%) [2,5,6].”
From Depression, anxiety, and stress in Korean general population during the COVID-19 pandemic. (2022) · cites this paper as [5]
During the COVID-19 pandemic, reported rates of stress in general populations ranged from 8.1% to 81.9%.
“A growing body of evidence has demonstrated the clinical effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health, including higher rates of depression (14.6-48.3%), anxiety (6.3-50.9%), and stress (8.1-81.9%) [2,5,6].”
From Depression, anxiety, and stress in Korean general population during the COVID-19 pandemic. (2022) · cites this paper as [5]
Risk factors for mental distress during the COVID-19 pandemic include female gender, younger age, and the presence of chronic/psychiatric illnesses.
“Risk factors for mental distress during the COVID-19 pandemic include women gender, younger age, and the presence of chronic/psychiatric illnesses [5].”
From Depression, anxiety, and stress in Korean general population during the COVID-19 pandemic. (2022) · cites this paper as [5]
Prevalence rates of mental health symptoms have been reported to be different among studies, which could be due to the use of different measurement scales, patterns of reporting, or cultural factors.
“The prevalence rates of mental health symptoms have been reported to be different among studies, which could be due to the use of different measurement scales, patterns of reporting, or cultural factors [5].”
From Depression, anxiety, and stress in Korean general population during the COVID-19 pandemic. (2022) · cites this paper as [5]
Mental health of young people has been adversely affected during the COVID-19 pandemic.
“Mental health of young people who struggle with many psychosocial problems in their lives has been adversely affected during this period (Ghazawy et al. 2020, Kaya et al. 2021, Xiong et al. 2020).”
From DETERMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEALTH TECHNICIAN STUDENTS' ATTITUDES TO THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND INTOLERANCE OF UNCERTAINTY WITH DEPRESSION, ANXIETY, AND STRESS LEVELS (2023) · cites this paper as Xiong et al. 2020
Exposure to COVID-19 related news, greater perceived vulnerability, and lower self-efficacy to protect oneself are associated with depression symptoms.
“In a systematic review examining the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health, factors such as exposure to COVID-19 related news, greater perceived vulnerability, and lower self-efficacy to protect themselves were found to be associated with depression symptoms (Xiong et al. 2020).”
From DETERMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEALTH TECHNICIAN STUDENTS' ATTITUDES TO THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND INTOLERANCE OF UNCERTAINTY WITH DEPRESSION, ANXIETY, AND STRESS LEVELS (2023) · cites this paper as Xiong et al. 2020
Living in urban areas is listed among the predictive factors of depressive symptoms.
“In a systematic review examining the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of the community, living in urban areas were listed among the predictive factors of depressive symptoms (Xiong et al. 2020).”
From DETERMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEALTH TECHNICIAN STUDENTS' ATTITUDES TO THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND INTOLERANCE OF UNCERTAINTY WITH DEPRESSION, ANXIETY, AND STRESS LEVELS (2023) · cites this paper as Xiong et al. 2020
Younger age (≤40) is a factor associated with distress in the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic.
“a systematic review that identified younger age (≤40) as a factor associated with distress in the general population [10].”
From The Role of Pre-Pandemic Mental Health Status and Personality Traits on Psychological Distress during the COVID-19 Lockdown among Italian Young Adults (2023) · cites this paper as [10]
Dropout rates may have been exacerbated by an overall increase in anxiety, depression, and stress in the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic, and especially among teachers.
“In this study, dropout rates may have been exacerbated by an overall increase in anxiety, depression, and stress in the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic (e.g., Xiong et al., 2020), and especially among teachers (e.g., Aperribai et al., 2020; Anderson et al., 2021; Ozamiz-Etxebarria et al., 2021).”
From Mental and physical training with meditation and aerobic exercise improved mental health and well-being in teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic (2022) · cites this paper as Xiong et al., 2020
Less research has investigated which psychological factors may protect or confer resilience during the pandemic.
“less has investigated which psychological factors may protect or confer resilience (Xiong et al., 2020, for a review).”
From Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: exploring the role of psychological flexibility and stress-related variables. (2023) · cites this paper as Xiong et al., 2020
The sample size of this study could be considered large by comparison with other psychological research studies in the area.
“the sample size of this study could be considered large by comparison with other psychological research studies in the area (see Xiong et al., 2020 for a review of COVID-19 studies).”
From Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: exploring the role of psychological flexibility and stress-related variables. (2023) · cites this paper as Xiong et al., 2020
Risk factors for developing symptoms of depression and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic included being of younger age, being female and having a chronic illness.
“Among the identified risk factors for developing symptoms of depression and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic were being of younger age, being female and having a chronic illness (Ribeiro et al. 2021;Xiong et al. 2020).”
From Illness Stigma and Shame in People With Chronic Illnesses vs. SARS‐CoV‐2 Survivors: Associations With Psychological Distress Through Psychological Flexibility and Self‐Compassion. (2024) · cites this paper as Xiong et al. 2020
Other studies have shown that college students and young people in general are particularly vulnerable for developing ill mental health during the pandemic.
“Other studies have also shown that college students and young people in general are particularly vulnerable for developing ill mental health during the pandemic,3 5 7 8”
The mental health of those who perceived the measures taken against the virus as inadequate was more affected.
“Mental health of those who perceived the measures taken against the virus as inadequate was more affected (Xiong et al. 2020).”
From DETERMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEALTH TECHNICIAN STUDENTS' ATTITUDES TO THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND INTOLERANCE OF UNCERTAINTY WITH DEPRESSION, ANXIETY, AND STRESS LEVELS (2023) · cites this paper as Xiong et al. 2020
The Results (Study characteristics; page unavailable) link greater psychological symptoms to dissatisfaction with the availability of COVID-19 information, not to a perception that measures against the virus were inadequate. The Discussion (page unavailable) mentions government preparedness as a possible reason for regional differences, but does not report the claimed comparison between individuals. Searched for perceived inadequacy of preventive measures and government response. (LLM, conf=0.70)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA sharp and rapid increase in mental health symptoms is occurring globally due to the pandemic.
“This is particularly pertinent in the current situation where a sharp and rapid increase in mental health symptoms is occurring globally due to the pandemic (Xiong et al., 2020).”
From Unguided low intensity cognitive behaviour therapy for anxiety and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic: A randomised trial (2021) · cites this paper as Xiong et al., 2020
Previous studies have shown that previous or pre-existing mental health problems are a vulnerability factor during the pandemic.
“Previous studies have also shown that previous or pre-existing mental health problems are a vulnerability factor during the pandemic (for a review see Xiong et al. 2020)”
From Worry and mental health in the Covid-19 pandemic: vulnerability factors in the general Norwegian population (2021) · cites this paper as Xiong et al. 2020
Prior studies have identified female sex, younger age, and chronic or psychiatric illnesses as risk factors for mental distress during the COVID-19 pandemic.
“In a recent review, Xiong et al. [6] reported that among the risk factors associated with mental distress during the COVID-19 pandemic were female sex, younger age (≤40 years), and chronic/psychiatric illnesses.”
From Worry and mental health in the Covid-19 pandemic: vulnerability factors in the general Norwegian population (2021) · cites this paper as [6]
Although individuals with mental illness had higher levels of depressive symptoms and anxiety at the start of lockdown, they had the same trajectories over the subsequent weeks.
“Although we found that individuals with mental illness had higher levels of depressive symptoms and anxiety at the start of lockdown (which is echoed in COVID-19 studies33, 34, 35 from various countries), they had the same trajectories over the subsequent weeks.”
From Trajectories of anxiety and depressive symptoms during enforced isolation due to COVID-19 in England: a longitudinal observational study (2021) · cites this paper as [35]
Stress caused by the pandemic situation may also induce depressive symptoms (14.6-48.3%), anxiety (6.33-50.9%), and PTSS (7-53.8%) in the general population.
“Noteworthy, stress caused by the pandemic situation (e.g., social isolation, fear of infection, and financial instability) may also induce depressive symptoms (14.6–48.3%), anxiety (6.33–50.9%), and PTSS (7–53.8%) in the general population.”
From Hyperactivation of P2X7 receptors as a culprit of COVID-19 neuropathology (2021) · cites this paper as [179]
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Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on daily life: diverse experiences for autistic adults
Maljaars, J., Gijbels, E., Evers, K., Spain, D., Rumball, F., Happé, F., & Noens, I. (2023) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05437-x · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Examining risk and protective factors for psychological health during the COVID-19 pandemic
Racine, S., Miller, A., Mehak, A., & Trolio, V. (2022) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2021.1958789 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Mental health and coping in the shadow of the COVID-19 pandemic: the Israeli case
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“This is particularly pertinent in the current situation where a sharp and rapid increase in mental health symptoms is occurring globally due to the pandemic (Xiong et al., 2020).”
BackgroundGoldschmidt, T., Kippe, Y., Finck, A., Adam, M., Hamadoun, H., Winkler, J. G., Bermpohl, F., Schouler-Ocak, M., & Gutwinski, S. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-04537-x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
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“Indeed, whilst a large amount of the emerging evidence has focussed on understanding the negative effects of the pandemic on psychological health, less has investigated which psychological factors may protect or confer resilience (Xiong et al., 2020, for a review).”
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Demmin, D. L., Silverstein, S. M., & Shors, T. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2022.847301 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Orfei, M. D., Bossi, F., D'Arcangelo, S., Maggi, F., Lattanzi, N., Malizia, A. P., & Ricciardi, E. (2022) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103555 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
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Health anxiety, coping mechanisms and COVID 19: An Indian community sample at week 1 of lockdown
Barron Millar, E., Singhal, D., Vijayaraghavan, P., Seshadri, S., Smith, E., Dixon, P., Humble, S., Rodgers, J., & Sharma, A. N. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0250336 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“In addition, health-related anxiety was highest in the 18–31 years group which has been previously reported [6, 57, 58].”
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Health effects of COVID-19 for vulnerable adolescents in a randomized controlled trial.
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Mindfulness and Depersonalization: a Nuanced Relationship
Levin, K. K., Gornish, A., & Quigley, L. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01890-y · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Retrospective spatiotemporal study of antidepressants in Slovenian wastewaters
Laimou-Geraniou, M., Quireyns, M., Boogaerts, T., Van Wichelen, N., Heath, D., van Nuijs, A. L. N., Covaci, A., & Heath, E. (2023) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166586 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
O'Hayer, C. V., Smith, P. J., Drescher, C. F., Bruschwein, H., Nurse, C. N., Kushner, H. M., Ingle, K., Stephen, M. J., & Hoag, J. B. (2024) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2024.11.011 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Wagener, A., Stassart, C., & Etienne, A.-M. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19105908 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Van de Velde, N., Geerts, P.-J., Tandt, H., Vanderhasselt, M.-A., Titeca, K., & Lemmens, G. (2021) · The Journal of ECT · doi:10.1097/yct.0000000000000785 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Meaklim, H., Le, F., Drummond, S. P. A., Bains, S. K., Varma, P., Junge, M. F., & Jackson, M. L. (2024) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsae028 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“…stressful for everyone [7, 8] (e.g. older adults, males, and more financially secure individuals reported lower rates of stress [5, 9]), stress levels increased globally during the first wave of the pandemic [10, 11], which may have precipitated or perpetuated ongoing insomnia symptoms [12–14].”
BackgroundResultZhao, Z., Zhao, C., Ren, Z., Shi, C., & Lai, L. (2022) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2022.100585 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Tönis, K. J. M., Kraiss, J. T., Drossaert, C. H. C., Karreman, J., Oostinga, M. S. D., Kloos, N., Austin, J., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2024) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-024-00793-0 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Marchetti, D., Fontanesi, L., Camisasca, E., Colasanti, M., Covelli, V., Di Giandomenico, S., Miragoli, S., & Verrocchio, M. C. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs13020141 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“During the COVID-19 pandemic, young adults experienced alarming levels of anxiety, depression, and suicidality, in line with a systematic review that identified younger age (≤40) as a factor associated with distress in the general population [10].”
- Authors
- Xiong, J., Lipsitz, O., Nasri, F., Lui, L. M. W., Gill, H., Phan, L., Chen-Li, D., Iacobucci, M., Ho, R., Majeed, A., & McIntyre, R. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Toronto (CA)
- University Health Network (CA)
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Corresponding author
- McIntyre, Roger S.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-12
- Volume
- 277
- Pages
- 55-64
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7413844
- OpenAlex
- W3047898105
- Cited by
- 5,204
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 218 · 2025: 404 · 2024: 693 · 2023: 1041 · 2022: 1406 · 2021: 1306 · 2020: 125 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 76.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Shire
- H. Lundbeck A/S
- Stanley Medical Research Institute
- Janssen Canada
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, mental health, general population, anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, psychological distress, stress, risk factors, social media exposure, unemployment, chronic disease, gender differences, age differences
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, Psychological Distress, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Age Factors, Anxiety, China, Denmark, Depression, Humans, Iran, Italy, Mental Health, Nepal, Pneumonia, Viral, Sex Factors, Spain, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Stress, Psychological, Turkey, Unemployment, United States, Coronavirus, Coronavirus Infections, Pandemics, Social Media
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