Progesterone facilitates exploration, affective and social behaviors among wildtype, but not 5α-reductase Type 1 mutant, mice
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Progesterone (P4) facilitates exploration, anxiety and social behaviors in estrogen (E2)-primed mice. Some of these effects may be due to actions of its 5α-reduced metabolite, 5α-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one (3α,5α-THP). In order to address the role of P4 and its metabolite, 3α,5α-THP, a mouse model was utilized. We hypothesized that if P4’s metabolism to 3α,5α-THP is essential to facilitate exploratory, anti-anxiety and social behaviors of mice, then wildtype, but not 5α-reductase knockout (5α-RKO), mice will have greater expression of these behaviors. Experiment 1: Mice were ovariectomized (ovx), E2-primed and administered P4 (0, 125, 250, or 500 μg) subcutaneously and then tested 4 hours later in a battery of tasks: open field, elevated plus maze, and social interaction. Experiment 2: Ovx, E2-primed mice were administered P4 (4 mg/kg), 3α,5α-THP (4 mg/kg), medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA, which does not convert to 3α,5α-THP; 4 mg/kg), or vehicle subcutaneously and tested 4 hours later. There was a dose-dependent effect of P4 to wildtype, but not 5α-RKO, mice. Neither WT, nor 5α-RKO, mice had increased exploration, anti-anxiety or pro-social behavior with MPA administration. Progesterone only exerted effects on anti-anxiety behavior, and increased 3α,5α-THP in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, when administered to wildtype mice. 3α,5α-THP to both WT and 5α-RKO mice increased exploration, anti-anxiety and social interaction and 3α,5α-THP levels in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Thus, metabolism of P4 by the 5α-reductase enzyme may be essential for enhancement of these behaviors.
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Progesterone and its neurosteroid metabolites, which rise and begin to fluctuate during puberty, upregulate social behaviors, increase social threat monitoring, and regulate the HPA axis.
“Progesterone and its neurosteroid metabolites, which rise and begin to fluctuate during puberty, upregulate social behaviors [40], increase social threat monitoring [41,42], and regulate the HPA axis [43].”
From HPA axis response and psychosocial stress as interactive predictors of suicidal ideation and behavior in adolescent females: a multilevel diathesis-stress framework (2018) · cites this paper as [40]
The Results (section 4.2; page unavailable) report that progesterone increased social interaction in wildtype female mice and its metabolite 3α,5α-THP increased interaction in both wildtype and mutant mice. This supports the social-behavior point attached to [40], but the cited study does not establish the sentence’s puberty-related context. (LLM, conf=0.83)
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Self-citationBorrow, A. P., & Cameron, N. M. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.10.028 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Du, R., Lu, G., Luo, W.-J., He, T., Li, C.-L., Yang, Y., Wei, N., Luo, X., & Chen, J. (2024) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110138 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Frye, C. A., DaCosta, D., Lembo, V. F., & Walf, A. A. (2020) · Current Sexual Health Reports · doi:10.1007/s11930-020-00276-2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationTraish, A. M. (2015) · Current Sexual Health Reports · doi:10.1007/s11930-015-0061-y · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Zenclussen, A. C. (2018) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.733835560.793550261
Mirza, R., Sharma, P. C., Kulkarni, G. T., & Sharma, B. (2024) · Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.25259/ijpp_408_2022
de Nicola, A. C., Lopes, L. T., Patrone, L. G. A., Bernardes-Ribeiro, M., Vilela‐Costa, H. H., Gandra, D., Campideli-Santana, A. C., Szawka, R. E., Bícego, K. C., Dornelles, R. C. M., et al. (2026) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.70254
- Authors
- Koonce, C. J., & Frye, C. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Alaska Fairbanks (US)
- Corresponding author
- Frye, Cheryl A.
- ORCID
- Frye, Cheryl A.
- Venue
- Behavioural Brain Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-09
- Volume
- 253
- Pages
- 232-239
- ISSN
- 0166-4328 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3761366
- OpenAlex
- W2084448593
- Semantic Scholar
- 08d03eec36255b2f55199a2d71184c1f264b852a
- Cited by
- 23
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 1.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Behavioural Brain Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (R56MH067698, R01MH067698)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (P20GM103395)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Estrogen and related hormone effects
- Keywords
- progesterone, 5α-reductase type 1, 3alpha,5alpha-THP, progesterone metabolism, anxiety, exploratory behavior, social behavior, estrogen priming, medroxyprogesterone acetate, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, ovariectomized mice
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Animals, Anxiety, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Exploratory Behavior, Female, Genotype, Immunohistochemistry, Interpersonal Relations, Medroxyprogesterone, Motor Activity, Mutation, Ovariectomy, Pregnanolone, Progesterone, Social Behavior, Steroids, 3-Oxo-5-alpha-Steroid 4-Dehydrogenase, Mice, Knockout, Mice
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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