RETRACTED: Apelin-13 impedes foam cell formation by activating Class III PI3K/Beclin-1-mediated autophagic pathway
Abstract
Apelin-13, an adipokine, promotes cholesterol efflux in macrophages with antiatherosclerotic effect. Autophagy, an evolutionarily ancient response to cellular stress, has been involved in atherosclerosis. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether apelin-13 regulates macrophage foam cell cholesterol metabolism through autophagy, and also explore the underlying mechanisms. Here, we revealed that apelin-13 decreased lipid accumulation in THP-1 derived macrophages through markedly enhancing cholesterol efflux. Our study further demonstrated that apelin-13 induced autophagy via activation of Class III phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and Beclin-1. Inhibition of Class III PI3K and Beclin-1 suppressed the stimulatory effects of apelin-13 on autophagy activity. The present study concluded that apelin-13 reduces lipid accumulation of foam cells by activating autophagy via Class III PI3K/Beclin-1 pathway. Therefore, our results provide brand new insight about apelin-13 inhibiting foam cell formation and highlight autophagy as a promising therapeutic target in atherosclerosis.
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In vitro studies using human cells and tissues indicate that apelin-13 improves lipid metabolism, exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α, and may help stabilize atherosclerotic plaques.
“In vitro studies using human cells and tissues indicate that apelin-13 improves lipid metabolism [62], exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α, and may help stabilize atherosclerotic plaques [62,63].”
From Exercise-Induced Myokines in Obesity-Related Metabolic Disorders and Cardiovascular Protection: A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [63]
Apelin-13 and its analogs are being explored for cardiovascular protection, given their ability to improve lipid metabolism, exert anti-inflammatory effects, and stabilize atherosclerotic plaques.
“Similarly, apelin-13 and its analogs are being explored for cardiovascular protection, given their ability to improve lipid metabolism, exert anti-inflammatory effects, and stabilize atherosclerotic plaques [62,63].”
From Exercise-Induced Myokines in Obesity-Related Metabolic Disorders and Cardiovascular Protection: A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [63]
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- Authors
- Yao, F., Lv, Y.-C., Zhang, M., Xie, W., Tan, Y.-L., Gong, D., Cheng, H.-P., Liu, D., Li, L., Liu, X.-Y., Zheng, X.-L., & Tang, C.-K.
- Affiliations
- University of South China (CN)
- University of Calgary (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Tang, Chao-Ke
- Venue
- Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-10
- Volume
- 466
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 637-643
- ISSN
- 0006-291X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1665898857
- Cited by
- 54
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 5.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Status
- Retracted
- Update notices
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (81170278, 81300224, 81370377)
- University of South China (2014-004)
- Science and Technology Program of Hunan Province (2014TT2018)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Apelin-related biomedical research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Cholesterol and Lipid Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Diseases
- Keywords
- apelin-13, foam cell formation, autophagy, class III PI3K, Beclin-1, cholesterol efflux, macrophages, lipid accumulation, atherosclerosis, adipokines, cholesterol metabolism
- MeSH terms
- Beclin-1, Autophagy, Cell Line, Cholesterol, Enzyme Activation, Foam Cells, Humans, Macrophages, Membrane Proteins, Models, Biological, Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, Atherosclerosis, Lipid Metabolism, Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins, Adipokines, Class III Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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