Photosynthetic Microorganisms Coupled Photodynamic Therapy for Enhanced Antitumor Immune Effect
Open accessAbstract
The ideal photodynamic therapy (PDT) should effectively remove the primary tumor, and produce a stronger immune memory effect to inhibit the tumor recurrence and tumor metastasis. However, limited by the hypoxic and immunosuppressive microenvironment, the PDT efficiency is apparently low. Here, Chlorella (Chl.) is exploited to enhance local effect by producing oxygen to reverse hypoxia, and release adjuvants to reverse immunosuppressive microenvironment to enhance abscopal effect afterwards. Results from different animal models indicated that Chl. could enhance local effect and PDT related immune response. Ultimately, Chl. coupled PDT elicited anti-tumor effects toward established primary tumors (inhibition rate: 90%) and abscopal tumors (75%), controlled the challenged tumors (100%) and alleviated metastatic tumors (90%). This Chl. coupled PDT strategy can also produce a stronger anti-tumor immune memory effect. Overall, this Chl. coupled PDT strategy generates enhanced local tumor killing, boosts PDT-induced immune responses and promotes anti-tumor immune memory effect, which may be a great progress for realizing systemic effect of PDT.
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Treatment with Chlorella sp. produced a stronger antitumor immune memory effect and elicited antitumor effects toward established primary tumors (inhibition rate 90%), abscopal tumors (75%), controlled challenged tumors (100%), and alleviated metastatic tumors (90%).
“The treatment with Chlorella sp. produced a stronger antitumor immune memory effect and elicited antitumor effects toward established primary tumors (inhibition rate: 90%) and abscopal tumors (75%), controlled the challenged tumors (100%), and alleviated metastatic tumors (90%).”
From Emerging Applications of Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp. (2023) · cites this paper as [130]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredChlorella sp. used as an O2 producer to reverse hypoxia and release adjuvants reversed the immunosuppressive microenvironment and enhanced the abscopal effect.
“The microalga was used as an O2 producer to reverse hypoxia and release adjuvants to reverse the immunosuppressive microenvironment, enhancing the abscopal effect afterwards.”
From Emerging Applications of Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp. (2023) · cites this paper as [130]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Wang, H., Liu, H., Guo, Y., Zai, W., Li, X., Xiong, W., Zhao, X., Yao, Y., Hu, Y., Zou, Z., & Wu, J.
- Affiliations
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine (CN)
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (CN)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures (CN)
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Wu, Jinhui
- ORCID
- Venue
- Bioactive Materials
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-06
- Volume
- 12
- Pages
- 97-106
- ISSN
- 2097-1192 (ISSN-L)
- 2452-199X
- PMC
- PMC8777206
- OpenAlex
- W3208451036
- Cited by
- 46
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 6
- FWCI
- 5.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Bioactive Materials (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (81872811, 32171372, 31872755, 2017YFA0205400)
- Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (02141438473)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Photodynamic Therapy Research Studies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Nanoplatforms for cancer theranostics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
- Keywords
- photodynamic therapy, Chlorella, photosynthetic microorganisms, tumor hypoxia, oxygen production, immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, abscopal effect, metastasis, systemic antitumor immunity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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