Evolution and self-assembly of protocells
Abstract
Cells define the minimal building blocks of life. How cellular life emerged and evolved implies to cross the boundary between living and nonliving matter. Here we explore this problem by presenting several relevant components of the whole picture involving chemistry, physics and natural selection. Available evidence suggests that the basic logic of life can be understood and eventually translated into synthetic forms of cellular life. A simple, physically sound model of information-free protocell replication suggests that the basic logic of how to couple metabolism and container can be more relevant than the specific set of parameters used, thus indicating that the emergence of cells might have been easier than we would expect.
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The first example, simulated explicitly using dissipative particle dynamics, displays no evolution.
“The first example, simulated explicitly using dissipative particle dynamics [164], displays no evolution.”
From Fundamental constraints to the logic of living systems (2024) · cites this paper as [164]
Energy minimization of the bending energy of a closed amphiphile assembly provides a wide range of possible shapes, from highly stable spheres to metastable states with local negative curvature required for cell division.
“Energy minimization, as defined from the solutions of δHb=0, provides a wide range of possible shapes, from highly stable (spheres, for example, with only positive curvature) to others displaying metastable states that imply the presence of local negative curvature (required when cell division occurs) [163,164].”
From Fundamental constraints to the logic of living systems (2024) · cites this paper as [164]
Models have shown that cell division through growth and instability is possible in an information-free context where only metabolism and compartment are present, both in amphiphile-based vesicles and micelles.
“But models have also shown that such a possibility exists in an information-free context where only metabolism and compartment are present, both in amphiphile-based vesicles [167–169] and micelles [164,170].”
From Fundamental constraints to the logic of living systems (2024) · cites this paper as [164]
In both examples, cell division occurs through growth and instability.
“In both cases, cell division occurs through growth and instability.”
From Fundamental constraints to the logic of living systems (2024) · cites this paper as [164]
In GARD, homeostatic growth combined with random fission constitutes compositional self-reproduction.
“In combination with random fission of the grown assembly, induced by, e.g. shear forces or thermodynamic instability [66,67], this entire process constitutes compositional self-reproduction.”
From Systems protobiology: origin of life in lipid catalytic networks (2018) · cites this paper as [67]
Lipid bilayer chemistry includes spontaneous accretion of diverse and potentially interacting molecules from dilute solutions and facilitation of mutual interactions due to proximity effects and reduced dimensionality.
“These features include spontaneous accretion of diverse and potentially interacting molecules from dilute solutions, and the facilitation of mutual interactions due to proximity effects and reduced dimensionality, as copiously indicated [29,67,115,154–156].”
From Systems protobiology: origin of life in lipid catalytic networks (2018) · cites this paper as [67]
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Solé, R. V., & Duran‐Nebreda, S. (2015) · Advances in marine genomics · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9642-2_13 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationA MOLECULAR DYNAMIC NETWORK: MINIMAL PROPERTIES AND EVOLUTIONARY IMPLICATIONS
Riofrío, W. (2011) · WORLD SCIENTIFIC eBooks · doi:10.1142/9789814295482_0012 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
On the Vesicular Origin of the Cell Cycle
Svetina, S. (2012) · Cellular origin and life in extreme habitats · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-2941-4_38 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Origins of life: the possible and the actual
Solé, R. V., Kempes, C. P., & Stepney, S. (2025) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2024.0281 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationWu, R., Zhou, L., Gao, Y., Xu, Z., Chen, D., Chen, Z., Lin, T., Wu, D., Wang, K., Wang, Z., et al. (2025) · Ceramics International · doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2025.04.073 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Pattern and Process in a Rapidly Changing World: Ideas and Approaches
Amarasekare, P. (2024) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/731993 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
How hard is it to encapsulate life? The general constraints on encapsulation
Kempes, C. P., Avila, D., & Mathis, C. (2025) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2024.0297 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Construction de cellules synthétiques
Noireaux, V. (2015) · médecine/sciences · doi:10.1051/medsci/20153112016 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Physical Chemistry: Extending the Boundaries
Leach, S. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-31730-9_10 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Nanotransducer‐Enabled Wireless Spatiotemporal Tuning of Engineered Bacteria in Bumblebee
Cheng, X., Wang, C., Yang, J., Liu, D., Liao, Y., Wang, B., Han, S., Zhang, X., Zheng, H., & Lu, Y. (2023) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.202301064 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Leach, S. (2014) · Advances in chemical physics · doi:10.1002/9781118959602.ch19 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Solé, R. V. (2015) · Ecological Complexity · doi:10.1016/j.ecocom.2015.01.005 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationPassive endocytosis in model protocellsPreprint
Zhang, S. J., Lowe, L. A., Anees, P., Krishnan, Y., Fai, T. G., Szostak, J. W., & Wang, A. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.01.07.522792 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
An research of the error detection method and efficient recovery algorithms in the DNA double helix
Kim, S., & Hur, C. (2012) · The Journal of the Korean Institute of Information and Communication Engineering · doi:10.6109/jkiice.2012.16.11.2557
Investigating Nonlinear Enzyme Kinetics as an Internal Control System for Nanoreactor Drug Release
Jones, S. J. (2018) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)
- Authors
- Solé, R. V.
- Affiliations
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Solé, Ricard V.
- ORCID
- Solé, Ricard V.
- Venue
- The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-02
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 274-284
- ISSN
- 1357-2725 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2005079170
- Cited by
- 59
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 0.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Origins and Evolution of Life
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms
- Keywords
- protocells, origin of life, self-assembly, metabolism, plasma membrane, artificial cells
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cell Physiological Phenomena, Biological Evolution, Humans, Models, Biological
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