Cytotoxicity of thermosensitive polymers poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) and amphiphilically modified poly(N-vinylcaprolactam)
Abstract
Thermosensitive polymers poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM), poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (PVCL) and PVCL grafted with amphiphilic poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) chains (PVCL-graft-C11EO42) were prepared and characterized and their putative cytotoxicity was evaluated. The cytotoxicity of these thermosensitive polymers and their monomers was investigated as a function of polymer concentration, incubation time and incubation temperature by using 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) cytotoxicity tests in Caco-2 and Calu-3 cell cultures. Also, the influence of the chain end functionality on toxicity was examined. Viability (MTT) and cellular damage (LDH) of the cells were shown to be dependent on the surface properties of the polymers, hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity. Hydrophilic PVCL and PVCL-graft-C11EO42 were well tolerated at all polymer concentrations (0.1-10.0 mg/ml) after 3 h of incubation at room temperature and at physiological temperature (37 degrees C). The more hydrophobic PNIPAM induced more clear cellular cytotoxicity at 37 degrees C. The monomers N-isopropylacrylamide and vinylcaprolactam and PEO-macromonomer showed dramatically higher cytotoxicity values with respect to the corresponding polymers. Cell damage was directly dependent on concentration, temperature and incubation time.
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Synthetic hydrogels may degrade into cytotoxic by-products or require cytotoxic initiators, limiting the types of polymers that can be used in cell culture.
“Further, synthetic hydrogels may degrade into cytotoxic by-products184 or require cytotoxic initiators185, limiting the types of polymers that can be used in cell culture186.”
From Towards organoid culture without Matrigel (2021) · cites this paper as [184]
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Retracted
- Authors
- Vihola, H., Laukkanen, A., Valtola, L., Tenhu, H., & Hirvonen, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Corresponding author
- Vihola, Henna
- Venue
- Biomaterials
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005-06
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 16
- Pages
- 3055-3064
- ISSN
- 0142-9612 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2081030247
- Cited by
- 689
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 41 · 2014: 46 · 2013: 43 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 5.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biomaterials (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Medicine › Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Surfaces, Coatings and Films › Polymer Surface Interaction Studies
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Advanced Polymer Synthesis and Characterization
- Keywords
- thermoresponsive polymers, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), poly(N-vinylcaprolactam), amphiphilic polymers, cytotoxicity, hydrophilicity, hydrophobicity, chain-end functionality, Caco-2 cells, Calu-3 cells, polymer surface properties, temperature-dependent toxicity
- MeSH terms
- Acrylic Resins, Calorimetry, Differential Scanning, Caprolactam, Cell Line, Cell Survival, Chromatography, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Coloring Agents, Hot Temperature, Humans, L-Lactate Dehydrogenase, Light, Models, Chemical, Polyethylene Glycols, Polymers, Scattering, Radiation, Temperature, Tetrazolium Salts, Thiazoles, Time Factors, Water, Caco-2 Cells, Cell Line, Tumor
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