Fracture resistance of human cortical bone across multiple length-scales at physiological strain rates
Abstract
While most fracture-mechanics investigations on bone have been performed at low strain rates, physiological fractures invariably occur at higher loading rates. Here, at strain rates from 10(-5) to 10(-1) s(-1), we investigate deformation and fracture in bone at small length-scales using in situ small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) to study deformation in the mineralized collagen fibrils and at the microstructural level via fracture-mechanics experiments to study toughening mechanisms generating toughness through crack-tip shielding. Our results show diminished bone toughness at increasing strain rates as cracks penetrate through the osteons at higher strain rates instead of deflecting at the cement lines, which is a prime toughening mechanism in bone at low strain rates. The absence of crack deflection mechanisms at higher strain rates is consistent with lower intrinsic bone matrix toughness. In the SAXS experiments, higher fibrillar strains at higher strain rates suggest less inelastic deformation and thus support a lower intrinsic toughness. The increased incidence of fracture induced by high strain rates can be associated with a loss in toughness in the matrix caused by a strain rate induced stiffening of the fibril ductility, i.e., a "locking-up" of the viscous sliding and sacrificial bonding mechanisms, which are the origin of inelastic deformation (and toughness) in bone at small length-scales.
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Values of KIC, the fracture toughness for mode I loading, range between 2 and 6 MPa√m.
“Values of KIC, the fracture toughness for so-called mode I loading (tensile loading), range between 2 and 6 MPa√m and tend to be lower for longitudinal than for transverse fracture (15, 16) and to be lower at high strain rates (17, 18).”
From Bone Mechanical Properties in Healthy and Diseased States (2018) · cites this paper as [17]
KIC tends to be lower at high strain rates.
“Values of KIC, the fracture toughness for so-called mode I loading (tensile loading), range between 2 and 6 MPa√m and tend to be lower for longitudinal than for transverse fracture (15, 16) and to be lower at high strain rates (17, 18).”
From Bone Mechanical Properties in Healthy and Diseased States (2018) · cites this paper as [17]
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“Values of KIC, the fracture toughness for so-called mode I loading (tensile loading), range between 2 and 6 MPa√m and tend to be lower for longitudinal than for transverse fracture (15, 16) and to be lower at high strain rates (17, 18).”
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- Authors
- Zimmermann, E. A., Gludovatz, B., Schaible, E., Busse, B., & Ritchie, R. O.
- Affiliations
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ritchie, Robert O.
- Venue
- Biomaterials
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-07
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 21
- Pages
- 5472-5481
- ISSN
- 0142-9612 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1964465273
- Cited by
- 163
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 12.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biomaterials (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (R01DE015633)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Calcium Carbonate Crystallization and Inhibition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Bone fractures and treatments
- Keywords
- cortical bone, fracture resistance, strain rate sensitivity, bone toughness, crack deflection, cement lines, osteons, collagen fibrils, small-angle X-ray scattering, crack tip shielding, inelastic deformation, physiological load
- MeSH terms
- Biomechanical Phenomena, Bone Matrix, Humans, Male, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Middle Aged, Radiography, X-Ray Diffraction, Fibril-Associated Collagens, Fractures, Bone, Scattering, Small Angle
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