The DOI matches its Crossref record; 38 of the 41 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 20 of the 48 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments
Open accessAbstract
Concurrent delivery of multiple drugs using nanoformulations can improve outcomes of cancer treatments. Here we demonstrate that this approach can be used to improve the paclitaxel (PTX) and alkylated cisplatin prodrug combination therapy of ovarian and breast cancer. The drugs are co-loaded in the polymeric micelle system based on amphiphilic block copolymer poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline-block-2-butyl-2-oxazoline-block-2-methyl-2-oxazoline) (P(MeOx-b-BuOxb-MeOx). A broad range of drug mixing ratios and exceptionally high two-drug loading of over 50 wt.% drug in a stable micellar solution is demonstrated. The drugs co-loading in the micelles result in a slowed-down release to serum, improved pharmacokinetics and increased tumor distribution for both drugs. A superior anti-tumor activity of co-loaded PTX/CP drug micelles compared to single drug micelles or their mixture was demonstrated in cisplatin-resistant human ovarian carcinoma A2780/CisR xenograft tumor and multidrug resistant breast cancer LCC-6-MDR orthotopic tumor models. The improved tumor delivery of co-loaded drugs was related to decreased drug release rates as confirmed by simulation for micelle, serum and tumor compartments in a three-compartmental model. Overall, the results provide support for the use of PTX and cisplatin co-loaded micelles as a strategy for improved chemotherapy of ovarian and breast cancer and potential for the clinical translation.
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20 of 48 cited sources checked · 10 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Moreover, cisplatin also has formulation issues such as relatively low solubility in both aqueous and organic solvents [6].”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [6] Hall, 2014, Say no to DMSO: dimethylsulfoxide inactivates cisplatin, carboplatin, and other platinum complexes, Cancer Res. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction describes relatively low solubility as a limitation for platinum drugs, and the Results give cisplatin’s maximum aqueous solubility as just over 3 mM. The Results also report that several organic solvents dissolved 10 mM cisplatin, although acetonitrile and Cremophor EL did not fully dissolve it. The paper therefore supports an aqueous formulation limitation but not the broader claim of relatively low solubility in organic solvents generally. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Interestingly, despite the mild hydrophobicity of the core-forming PBuOx block, we have found that triblock copolymer P(MeOx-BuOx-MeOx) exhibits an unprecedentedly high capacity for solubilization of extremely hydrophobic drugs, including taxanes, and several drug combinations [13, 14].”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [13] Han, 2012, Synergistic combinations of multiple chemotherapeutic agents in high capacity poly(2-oxazoline) micelles, Mol. Pharm. source
The Results (section 3.1; page not provided) identify P(MeOx-b-BuOx-b-MeOx) as the triblock copolymer used and report high solubilization of paclitaxel and docetaxel. The Discussion (section 4; page not provided) reports excellent capacity for several other poorly soluble drugs and their combinations. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] He, 2015, Poly(2-oxazoline) based micelles with high capacity for 3rd generation taxoids: preparation, in vitro and in vivo evaluation, J. Contr. Release source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
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In the paper
“The solubility of these drugs in POx micelles system is increased by a factor of 1,000 to 100,000 times.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [13] Han, 2012, Synergistic combinations of multiple chemotherapeutic agents in high capacity poly(2-oxazoline) micelles, Mol. Pharm. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (§3.1; page unavailable) report approximately 100,000-fold and 7,000-fold increases for PTX and DTX, respectively. But the reported concentrations imply smaller increases for other drugs studied: about 345-fold for 17-AAG and 62-fold for ETO. The 1,000–100,000 range therefore does not apply to all the drugs reported here. (LLM, conf=0.89)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] He, 2015, Poly(2-oxazoline) based micelles with high capacity for 3rd generation taxoids: preparation, in vitro and in vivo evaluation, J. Contr. Release source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“One novel drug carrier system that stands apart from the others in that regard is polymeric micelles [11], based on amphiphilic block copolymers of poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline)s and specifically the poly[(2-methyl-2-oxazoline)-b-(2-butyl-2-oxazoline)-b-(2-methyl-2-oxazoline)] (P(MeOx-BuOx-MeOx) triblock copolymer [12].”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Introduction
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [11] Leonessa, 1996 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Discussion passages describe MDA435/LCC6 breast-cancer ascites models and drug resistance, not the P(MeOx-BuOx-MeOx) triblock copolymer cited as [12]. Searches for the copolymer’s name and for polymeric micelles and drug carriers found no passage addressing it. Page numbers were not available in our copy’s retrieved passages. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Supportedcites [12] Luxenhofer, 2012, Poly(2-oxazoline)s as polymer therapeutics, Macromol. Rapid Commun. source
Section 6, “Polymeric Micelles, Aggregates and Nanoparticles” (page unavailable), identifies PMeOx-PBuOx-PMeOx triblock copolymers as forming drug-loaded micelles. It reports exceptionally high paclitaxel loading of up to 45%, supporting the claim that this carrier stands apart in drug loading. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Could not verify
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“For nanoparticles having same size, shape and surface charge a decrease in the rates of release of drugs (docetaxel, wortmannin) was accompanied by an increase in the anti-tumor effects in vivo.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [31] Sethi, 2014, Effect of drug release kinetics on nanoparticle therapeutic efficacy and toxicity, Nanoscale source
The Results report that the nanoparticle formulations had similar size, spherical shape, and surface charge, while the 10% CLS formulations released both drugs more slowly than the 0% formulations. In mice bearing H460 tumor xenografts, the slower-release formulations produced significantly greater antitumor effects; the in vivo comparisons were conducted with radiotherapy. (LLM, conf=0.92)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Several prior studies have reported the nanoformulations simultaneously containing PTX and cisplatin, including formulations based on polymeric micelles formed by amphiphilic block copolymers [26–28], mesoporous carbon-silica nanospheres [29], and prodrug hydrogels [30].”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [26] Xiao, 2012, A prodrug strategy to deliver cisplatin(IV) and paclitaxel in nanomicelles to improve efficacy and tolerance, Biomaterials source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] Song, 2014, Polypeptide-based combination of paclitaxel and cisplatin for enhanced chemotherapy efficacy and reduced side-effects, Acta Biomater. source
- Partly supportedcites [28] He, 2015, Co-delivery of cisplatin and paclitaxel by folic acid conjugated amphiphilic PEG-PLGA copolymer nanoparticles for the treatment of non-small lung cancer, Oncotarget sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract reports co-delivery of paclitaxel and cisplatin in nanoparticles made from an amphiphilic PEG-PLGA copolymer. However, the Methods describe preparing those nanoparticles by double emulsion, and the paper does not identify them as polymeric micelles. This source supports the co-delivery example, but not its classification as a micelle formulation; the sentence’s nanospheres and hydrogels are attributed to other citations. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] Fang, 2014, Dual-pore mesoporous carbon@silica composite core-shell nanospheres for multidrug delivery, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] Shen, 2017, Sustained codelivery of cisplatin and paclitaxel via an injectable prodrug hydrogel for ovarian cancer treatment, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No obvious signs of toxicity were observed during treatment prior to reaching the end points in accordance to approved Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) protocols.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Methods
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“However, a consideration of the drug pharmacological synergy by the analysis CI using the isobologram equation of Chou–Talalay [22], suggested that the synergy strongly depends on the drug ratio.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [22] Chou, 2010, Drug combination studies and their synergy quantification using the Chou-Talalay method, Cancer Res. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this case the IC50 values were 0.546 μg/mL, 0.219 μg/mL, and 0.149 μg/mL for C6CP, C8CP and C10CP PM, respectively, as compared to cisplatin of 10.88 μg/mL.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In these cases, the CI values of less than 1, indicating drug synergy, were observed for PM with relatively high content of PTX and lower content of the cisplatin prodrug (Figure 3b–e, and supplementary Figure S8).”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the CP containing micelles there was a clear trend observed - as the length of the aliphatic tail in the cisplatin derivative increased the rate of the release decreased.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Incorporation of the prodrug in the PM micelles results in increase in the Pt(II) content to ~62:38”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Also, there appeared to be a consistent trend for different CP in the PM composition: as the length of the aliphatic tail in the cisplatin derivative increased, the LE for this derivative also decreased (Table 1).”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In both cancer cell models the combination drug PM were substantially more active than either of the single drugs (Figure 3a,f, and supplementary Figure S8).”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the sensitive A2780 cell line, the IC50 values of single CP loaded PM were 0.309 μg/mL, 0.058 μg/mL and 0.045 μg/mL for C6CP, C8CP and C10CP PM, respectively, as compared to cisplatin of 1.141 μg/mL (Supplementary Figure S8).”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We did not observe effects of long term-storage on the particle size or drug loading.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Methods
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, at the same weight fraction of the CP the particle size appeared to become larger as the length of the alkyl chain increased (Table 1, Figure 1d).”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This conclusion in reinforced by the 1H NMR analysis that did not reveal any chemical reactions between the CP (C6CP) and PTX during co-loading of the drugs in the micelles.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, in all cases as content of the CP in the combination micelles increased in the cytotoxicity also increased.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the same time, practically no changes in the plasma AUC and CL of C6CP was observed.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The particle sizes and PDI values varied, although in this case there was also a clear tendency for the particle size increase upon incorporation of increasing amount of CP (Table 1, Figure 1a–f).”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was practically no difference in the cytotoxicity of the single PTX PM in these two cell lines with the IC50 values measuring 38.66 μg/mL and 47.36 μg/mL in the A2780 and A2780/CisR cells, respectively (Figure 3a).”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 2Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the case of PTX/C6CP PM (2/2/10) it is apparent that the co-loading of C6CP and PTX in the PM increased the plasma half-life of each drug when compared to the respective single drug micelles (t1/2, α 7.67 h vs. 6.20 h for C6CP and 5.12 h vs. 3.67 h for PTX) (Table 2).”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As seen in Table 1 with almost all feed concentrations the LE for PTX was close to 100%, except for the very highly loaded micelle formulations, for which the PTX LE varied between ~80 % to ~90 %.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, even in the presence of major portion of PTX in PTX/C6CP PM (40/3/50) sample the prodrug remains mostly intact in the co-loaded micelles.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, the compositions with relatively higher content of CP displayed CI values exceeding 1, suggesting antagonism of the two drugs.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A superior anti-tumor activity of co-loaded PTX/CP drug micelles compared to single drug micelles or their mixture was demonstrated in cisplatin-resistant human ovarian carcinoma A2780/CisR xenograft tumor and multidrug resistant breast cancer LCC-6-MDR orthotopic tumor models.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was also a considerable improvement in Cmax and AUC of both drugs in the tumor.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The similar tumor to plasma AUC ratio for PTX in co-loaded drug micelles exceeded the ratio for PTX in the single drug micelles by ~1.5 times.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results were quite insightful and suggested an overall improvement of the PK and distribution of both drugs as a result of their co-loading in one PM system.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Likewise, the improvement in drug delivery to the tumor using co-loaded micelles PTX/C8CP PM (2/2/10) was less pronounced when compared with PTX/C6CP PM (2/2/10).”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“The HED of PTX is therefore very similar to the clinical dose of Taxol (175 mg/m2) [25].”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [25] Seidman, 1998, One-hour paclitaxel via weekly infusion: dose-density with enhanced therapeutic index, Oncology (Williston Park)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was a trend for the synergy enhancement upon increase of the relative content of PTX vs. CP.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall the co-loaded drug micelles displayed a considerably improved PK and biodistribution in the blood and tumor of either one or both drugs as compared to the single drug micelles.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interestingly, the co-loaded drug micelles, appeared to be more efficient than the mixtures of the single drug micelles PTX PM and C6CP PM (or C8CP PM).”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The most pronounced drug synergy was observed in the very high PTX-loaded micelles, PTX/C6CP PM (40/3/50).”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, when the micelles and serum protein permeability to the tumor are comparable (scenario B) the increase of the retention of the drug in the micelles results in a strong increase in the drug accumulation in the tumor.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- The authors state this as an assumption: A drug's antitumor efficacy is directly proportional to the quantity of that drug that reaches the tumor.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The clearance rate of serum-bound drug is much faster than that of drug in polymeric micelles.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interestingly, the rates of release of relatively more hydrophobic C8CP from both single drug and co-loaded drug micelles are nearly twice lower than those of the less hydrophobic C6CP.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, the same dose of the two drugs co-formulated together PTX/C6CP PM (40/3/50) had a profound therapeutic effect superior to any of the other treatment or control groups.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this treatment group, there was 1/5 long-term survivor (beyond day 100).”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unexpectedly, we discovered that co-loading of the drugs in the micelles slowed down the release of these drugs, especially PTX, to the external media containing serum albumin when compared to the release rates observed with the single-drug PM.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interestingly, C6CP PM (3/50), had a similar effect on the tumor growth and animal lifespan as C6CP PM (2/10) administered in the above study at ~4.4-times higher dose of the cisplatin prodrug (Figure 5c,d).”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Free cisplatin had small but significant effect by delaying the tumor growth and extending the median lifespan to 14.5 days.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Analysis of the tumor PK parameters also suggests that the PTX/C6CP or PTX/C8CP ratios actually recorded in the tumor did not differ substantially from the drug ratios in the initial co-loaded drug micelle formulations.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Surprisingly, based on the PK data the resulting PTX/C6CP or PTX/C8CP ratios in the tumor did not differ substantially from the drug ratios in the initial co-loaded drug micelle formulations.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In most cases, except for the very highly drug (PTX) loaded systems, both drugs incorporated in the PM nearly completely (LE ~100%).”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The peak concentrations of both drugs in the tumors were observed at ~1 h post injection for all investigated formulations.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The treatment with PTX PM (40/50) had the greatest effect of the single drug micelles both in the tumor growth inhibition and the increased lifespan.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, in this case the difference between the free drug and C6CP PM (3/50) in tumor growth curves was not significant (Supplementary Table S3).”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further analysis suggests that the tumor to plasma AUC ratios for C6CP in the co-loaded drug micelles, PTX/C6CP PM (2/2/10), exceeded the same ratio for C6CP in the single drug micelles, C6CP PM (2/10), by only ~1.1 times (Supplementary Table S2).”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Surprisingly, however, cisplatin alone (3mg/kg) produced considerable antitumor effect, which was superior in this case to the single drug micelles carrying the cisplatin prodrug, C6CP PM (3/50) (Figure 5e,f).”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Like in the previous case, the effects of the two single drug micelles mixture PTX PM (40/50) and C6CP PM (3/50) on the tumor growth were practically indistinguishable from that of the PM (40/50).”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interestingly, the tumor AUCs for both C8CP and PTX in the PTX/C8CP PM (2/2/10) increased by only ~1.1 fold.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Surprisingly, however, the two single drug micelles mixture PTX PM (40/50) and C6CP PM (3/50) did not exhibit statistically significant improvement compared to PTX PM (40/50) alone (Figure 5c,d).”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, there was no statistical difference between any of the single drug PM groups.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“When recalculated to the human equivalent dose (HED) based on the body surface area [24] these doses corresponded to ~60 mg/m2 (~1.6 mg/kg) for PTX and ~31–33 mg/m2 (~0.83–0.89 mg/kg) for cisplatin, which is approximately half of the doses used in clinic for the PTX (135 mg/m2) and cisplatin (75 mg/m2) combination [18].”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [24] FDA, 2005
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [18] Rosati, 2000, A phase II study of paclitaxel/cisplatin combination in patients with metastatic breast cancer refractory to anthracycline-based chemotherapy, Tumori source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the differences between these two-combination drug micelle treatment groups in the tumor growth inhibition and animal lifespan were not significant.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No long-term survivors were observed for any of the studied single drug micelles mixture (Figure 5b).”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, in both basic scenarios A and B the half-lives increase as drug retention in the micelles increases. This trend is observed for every compartment: micelles, serum, tumor, as well as the total drug concentration in blood (the micelle and serum compartments combined) (Supplementary Table S6).”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- The authors state this as an assumption: A drug's antitumor efficacy is directly proportional to the quantity of that drug that reaches the tumor.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The clearance rate of serum-bound drug is much faster than that of drug in polymeric micelles.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We did not observe any chemical reaction between PTX and CP in the co-formulated micelles.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, Vdobs of the drugs was from about 7.5- to about 27-fold higher than the Vdobs of the POx copolymer.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As already mentioned the drugs plasma half-life even in the co-loaded micelles (when the drug half-life was increased compared to the single drug micelles) was less than that of the POx copolymer.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The superior performance of these formulations in vivo is further reinforced by an increased anti-tumor efficacy in breast and ovarian cancer models.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Conclusion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Co-delivery of drug combinations in the same vehicle may improve the chemotherapy of tumors by synchronizing their exposure to the drugs and achieving synergistic pharmacological action in the tumor cells [7].”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] Lancet, 2016, Final results of a phase III randomized trial of CPX-351 versus 7+ 3 in older patients with newly diagnosed high risk (secondary) AML, Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“One major success of this strategy is exemplified by a recent approval by the US Food and Drug Administration of Vyxeos (CPX-351), a liposomal combination of daunorubicin and cytarabine, for newly diagnosed therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia (t-AML) in adult patients and AML with myelodysplasia-related changes (AML-MRC) [7].”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] Lancet, 2016, Final results of a phase III randomized trial of CPX-351 versus 7+ 3 in older patients with newly diagnosed high risk (secondary) AML, Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Concurrent delivery of multiple drugs using nanoformulations can improve outcomes of cancer treatments.”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · hedged
“Co-delivery of drug combinations in the same vehicle may improve the chemotherapy of tumors by synchronizing their exposure to the drugs and achieving synergistic pharmacological action in the tumor cells [7].”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] Lancet, 2016, Final results of a phase III randomized trial of CPX-351 versus 7+ 3 in older patients with newly diagnosed high risk (secondary) AML, Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Introduction · hedged
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The improved tumor delivery of co-loaded drugs was related to decreased drug release rates as confirmed by simulation for micelle, serum and tumor compartments in a three-compartmental model.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- The authors state this as an assumption: Drug disposition in the three-compartment model follows first-order processes.
- Rests on an assumption: The three-compartment model with micelle, serum, and tumor compartments adequately represents drug distribution.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Strikingly, there was a clear evidence of drug-drug interactions in the micelle core as the release of both drugs from combination micelles was slower that their release from the single drug PM.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Here we demonstrate that this approach can be used to improve the paclitaxel (PTX) and alkylated cisplatin prodrug combination therapy of ovarian and breast cancer.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Still the half-life of both drugs was less than that of the POx polymer alone (t1/2, α 12.6 h), which may indicate that the drugs are at least partially released from the circulating POx micelles.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, for the model and assumptions used here the micelle permeability to the tumor is the decisive parameter for the drug distribution to the tumor compartment.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- The authors state this as an assumption: A drug's antitumor efficacy is directly proportional to the quantity of that drug that reaches the tumor.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The clearance rate of serum-bound drug is much faster than that of drug in polymeric micelles.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, a detailed analysis of the PK data suggests that the apparent differences in the effect of the co-loading for the drug pairs are a result of the difference in the PK behavior of the single drug micelles, C6CP PM (2/10) and C8CP PM (2/10), rather than that of the co-loaded micelles.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, the data provide support of the beneficial effect of co-loading of drugs into the micelles as a strategy for improved chemotherapy.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“It has been previously reported that Taxol at MTD is not therapeutically active in this model [14].”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] He, 2015, Poly(2-oxazoline) based micelles with high capacity for 3rd generation taxoids: preparation, in vitro and in vivo evaluation, J. Contr. Release source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, one could expect that the delivered drugs would exhibit a synergistic anticancer effect on the tumor.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, the retention of C8CP in either co-loaded or single drug micelles is relatively good, and therefore the differences in the PK for this drug in the co-loaded and single drug micelles are attenuated.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The connection between drug release rate and the pharmacokinetics and tumor distribution of micellar drugs has been relatively little studied.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, it is tempting to suggest that the differences in the PK appear to correlate with the drug release results.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The connection between drug release rate and the pharmacokinetics and tumor distribution of micellar drugs has been relatively little studied.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Simulations of PK for the micelle, serum and tumor compartments in a three compartmental model suggest that the decreased rates of drug release from the micelles to the serum can result in improved tumor drug delivery provided that the micelles display high enough ability to penetrate in the tumor.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Conclusion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- The authors state this as an assumption: A drug's antitumor efficacy is directly proportional to the quantity of that drug that reaches the tumor.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The clearance rate of serum-bound drug is much faster than that of drug in polymeric micelles.
- The authors state this as an assumption: In the three-compartment PK simulation, micelles are stable and do not break down into unimers.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With this consideration in mind, comparing the PK results for the drugs and POx block copolymers can provide further insight into the behavior of the drug-containing micelles in vivo.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite of the obvious complexity of the resulting picture, it is possible to dissect some individual formats behavior from the PK data.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes? Checkable: unclear? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our present work reinforces that altering the release rates by co-loading two drugs in one micelle is one possible way of increasing drug distribution to the tumor and improving the anti-tumor effect in vivo.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A drastic, 5- to 20-fold difference in the Tumor AUC/Plasma AUC and Tumor Cmax/Plasma Cmax ratios between the drugs and POx copolymer also suggests that the drugs are partitioned to the tumor more efficiently than the copolymer.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, one needs to appreciate that sustained circulation of the drug in the form of the micelles, with continuous transfer of the drug molecules to the serum proteins (and possibly back to the micelles), also enhances the overall exposure of the tumor to both serum-bound and micelle-bound formats combined.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the other hand the drug appears to be delivered to the tumor, at least in part separately from the micelles.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As the concentration of the components of the PM in the circulation decreases due to their clearance, the equilibriums are expected to shift.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thereby the PK of each component that is redistributed between various circulating formats (micelles, unimers for POx chains, serum-bound drugs) should be an integral result of the PK properties of an individual format as well as their redistribution kinetics.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- It may state two separate claims as one. 74
- Probably not a substantial claim. 12
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The combination chemotherapy using sequential administration of paclitaxel (PTX) followed by a platinum-based regimen is currently the first-line therapy for ovarian cancer as well as common treatment for breast cancer [1, 2].”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] Ozols, 2004, Advanced ovarian cancer: a clinical update on first-line treatment, recurrent disease, and new agents, J. Natl. Compr. Canc. Netw.
- Partly supportedcites [2] Rhee, 2002, Efficacy of combination chemotherapy with paclitaxel and cisplatin in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer, Cancer Res. Treat. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The treatment-methods passage (결론 section; page unavailable) describes paclitaxel given before cisplatin, but the patients had advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. The discussion in the same section says paclitaxel is effective against ovarian and breast cancers; it does not say the sequential combination is first-line therapy for ovarian cancer or a common breast-cancer treatment. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Specifically, PTX POx micelles have ca. 4 to 100 times higher drug loading and ca. 10 to 20 times higher drug concentration than the current PTX clinical formulations Taxol, Genexol-PM, and Abraxane.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [13] Han, 2012, Synergistic combinations of multiple chemotherapeutic agents in high capacity poly(2-oxazoline) micelles, Mol. Pharm. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports 43.6% PTX loading in POx micelles, versus about 1% in Taxol and 10% in Abraxane, supporting an approximately 4- to 44-fold loading comparison. Its nearly 100-fold figure refers to less excipient, not higher drug loading. The paper reports a POx PTX concentration of 38.7 g/L but does not establish a 10- to 20-fold concentration comparison with the named clinical formulations or provide a Genexol-PM comparison. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] He, 2015, Poly(2-oxazoline) based micelles with high capacity for 3rd generation taxoids: preparation, in vitro and in vivo evaluation, J. Contr. Release source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“For many drugs, the aqueous POx micelle solutions can be readily prepared that contain 10 to 50 g/L of extremely poorly soluble drug and are stable for days and weeks.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [13] Han, 2012, Synergistic combinations of multiple chemotherapeutic agents in high capacity poly(2-oxazoline) micelles, Mol. Pharm. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Results §3.1 reports aqueous POx micelles containing nearly 40 g/L of PTX or DTX, while Discussion §4 reports that many formulations remained stable for as long as two weeks. The claimed upper concentration of 50 g/L is not supported: in the reported high-concentration formulations, 50 g/L refers to the copolymer, not the drug. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] He, 2015, Poly(2-oxazoline) based micelles with high capacity for 3rd generation taxoids: preparation, in vitro and in vivo evaluation, J. Contr. Release source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Platinum anticancer drugs, such as cisplatin, the most potent member of the platinum drug family, penetrate into the nucleus of cancer cells and form adducts with DNA leading to apoptosis [4].”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [4] Florea, 2011, Cisplatin as an anti-tumor drug: cellular mechanisms of activity, drug resistance and induced side effects, Cancers (Basel) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Cytotoxicity section says cisplatin forms DNA adducts, and the Drug Resistance Mechanisms section says DNA damage from those adducts triggers cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. Our copy does not establish the citing sentence’s additional claim that cisplatin is the most potent platinum drug, or explicitly describe its passage into cancer-cell nuclei. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Moreover, several preclinical formulations of multiple drugs co-loaded into various nanoparticle carriers have also been evaluated and shown some promise for the treatment of cancers [9, 10].”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [9] Ma, 2013, Nanoparticles for combination drug therapy, ACS Nano source
The Nanoparticle Designs for Co-Delivery of Drugs section describes several multidrug nanoparticle formulations, including liposomes containing chemotherapy pairs. It reports improved efficacy for CPX-351 in preclinical studies and synergistic inhibition of cultured breast cancer cells by another three-drug formulation. These examples support the claim's cautious wording; page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Supportedcites [10] Tian, 2017, Nanoparticle delivery of chemotherapy combination regimen improves the therapeutic efficacy in mouse models of lung cancer, Nanomedicine source
This paper provides a preclinical example of the cited approach. The Discussion reports that PLGA-PEG nanoparticles co-loaded with a cisplatin prodrug and docetaxel outperformed other treatment arms in two mouse lung-cancer models. It supports the sentence as one of its cited examples, rather than as evidence for every formulation or carrier mentioned collectively. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Our recent study reported that co-loading of etoposide and C6CP in POx micelles resulted in considerable decrease in the release rates and increase in the tumor distribution of both drugs along with the increased anticancer activity of the co-loaded formulation compared to the single drug micelles [20].”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [20] Wan, 2018, Drug combination synergy in worm-like polymeric micelles improves treatment outcome for small cell and non-small cell lung cancer, ACS Nano source
The Abstract reports that co-loading etoposide and the platinum prodrug in POx micelles slowed release, increased tumor distribution of both drugs, and improved antitumor activity over single-drug micelles. The Results further report higher tumor concentrations for both C6CP and etoposide, while the Discussion confirms reduced release rates and greater antitumor activity. (LLM, conf=0.94)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“It was also reported that a decrease in drug release kinetics was accompanied by a decrease in the hepatotoxicity of CLS NP wortmannin.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [31] Sethi, 2014, Effect of drug release kinetics on nanoparticle therapeutic efficacy and toxicity, Nanoscale source
The Abstract states that decreased drug release kinetics can decrease the hepatotoxicity of CLS NP wortmannin. The Results report slower wortmannin release from 10% than 0% CLS NPs and considerably lower hepatotoxicity for the 10% formulation; the Discussion likewise links the two findings. (LLM, conf=0.94)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The relationship between the drug release kinetics from the nanoparticles and the therapeutic efficacy and toxicity of the drugs delivered using these nanoparticles has been previously reported [31].”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [31] Sethi, 2014, Effect of drug release kinetics on nanoparticle therapeutic efficacy and toxicity, Nanoscale source
The Conclusions state that the study directly examined how drug release kinetics affect the therapeutic efficacy and toxicity of nanoparticle-based chemotherapeutics. The paper therefore reports the relationship attributed to it. (LLM, conf=0.94)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“However, in that study the co-loading also resulted in a drastic change of the particles shape, which has complicated dissecting the effect of the release kinetics.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [20] Wan, 2018, Drug combination synergy in worm-like polymeric micelles improves treatment outcome for small cell and non-small cell lung cancer, ACS Nano source
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports a shape transition from spherical single-drug C6CP micelles to worm-like co-loaded micelles. It also lists shape differences and slower drug release as separate possible contributors to the improved outcomes, supporting the point that the release-kinetics effect is difficult to isolate. The Results clarify that single-drug ETO micelles were already worm-like. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“There is no doubt that the serum bound drug is active upon tumors as the release of the drug, in particular PTX, to the serum is a putative mechanism of the anti-tumor activity of Taxol [34], and another blockbuster PTX-based drug, Abraxane, represents the complex of PTX with serum albumin [35].”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [34] Paal, 2001, High affinity binding of paclitaxel to human serum albumin, Eur. J. Biochem. source
- Supportedcites [35] Miele, 2009, Albumin-bound formulation of paclitaxel (Abraxane ABI-007) in the treatment of breast cancer, Int. J. Nanomed. source
Citation [35] is attached to the identification of Abraxane, not the preceding proposed mechanism for Taxol, which cites [34]. The paper’s “Albumin-bound paclitaxel (ABI-007)” section identifies Abraxane as albumin-bound paclitaxel, and “Future perspectives” says its paclitaxel is delivered in a suspension of albumin particles. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“This conclusion is consistent with the prior studies suggesting that the tumor permeability as the well as the size of the nanoparticles (including polymeric micelles of different type) are critically important for nanoparticle drug distribution to tumors and the resulting anticancer effects [36–38].”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [36] Cabral, 2011, Accumulation of sub-100 nm polymeric micelles in poorly permeable tumours depends on size, Nat. Nanotechnol. source
- Partly supportedcites [37] Yokoi, 2015, Liposomal doxorubicin extravasation controlled by phenotype-specific transport properties of tumor microenvironment and vascular barrier, J. Contr. Release sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Concluding remarks (page not provided) say that transport properties of the tumor microenvironment and vascular barrier are critical to nanotherapeutic delivery and may help explain efficacy. The Drug transport model section says its model accounts for particle size, but the paper does not establish that nanoparticle size is critically important to tumor distribution or anticancer effects, nor does it examine polymeric micelles. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Partly supportedcites [38] Yokoi, 2014, Capillary-wall collagen as a biophysical marker of nanotherapeutic permeability into the tumor microenvironment, Cancer Res. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction links particle size to tumor accumulation and drug payload, while the Discussion describes size-dependent passage through tumor-vessel collagen. The Results on cell proliferation also link drug extravasation to an anticancer effect. The paper studies liposomes, however, and does not establish the parenthetical claim about different types of polymeric micelles. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This trend was observed for each cisplatin derivative but was perhaps the most pronounced for the PTX/C6CP PM (Figure 3b,c).”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The overall LC values in these PM formulations were high ~28 %, but not maximal for this PM system.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As far as the incorporation CP is concerned it was nearly complete except for the PTX/C6CP PM (20/5/50), for which the LC decreased to ~33.5 %.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The drugs co-loading in the micelles result in a slowed-down release to serum, improved pharmacokinetics and increased tumor distribution for both drugs.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a result while for C6CP was released faster than PTX form both single and combination drug micelle (Figure 2a,b) for the C8CP these rates were close to each other (Figure 2c), while for C10CP the situation was inverse and with this hydrophobic cisplatin derivative being released slower than PTX (Figure 2d).”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Cmax in the plasma was increased ~2.0 fold for C6CP and ~1.4 fold for PTX, when compared to the single drug micelles.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The XPS analysis suggests that the CP prodrug contains both Pt(IV) and Pt(II) ~76:24, which can be reduced by ascorbate to ~29:71.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, there was ~1.9 fold increase in the plasma AUC of PTX (~1.5 fold decrease in CL) as well as ~1.3 fold increase Vdobs of this drug.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The micelles with feed ratios 1/3/10 and 2/2/10 displayed no or minimal synergy, while the higher PTX content micelles 3/1/10 and high-loaded micelles 20/3/50 and 40/3/50 were showing pronounced and clear synergistic effect with CI value < 1 over a wider range Fa values from 0.1 to 1.0 (Figure 3b,c).”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As a result, the PTX/CP molar ratios varied from ~0.2 to ~1.9 PTX/C6CP or ~0.25 to ~2.25 for PTX/C10CP, and were close to PTX/cisplatin dose ratios used in the clinical chemotherapy regimens [18].”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [18] Rosati, 2000, A phase II study of paclitaxel/cisplatin combination in patients with metastatic breast cancer refractory to anthracycline-based chemotherapy, Tumori source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No significant differences in the particle morphology was found between various PM as their shapes were nearly spherical by TEM (Figure 1g–j).”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All prepared PM formulations remained quite stable in dispersion displaying little if any changes of the particle sizes and no drug precipitation for at least as long as 12 days (Figure 1b–f).”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, the Cmax increased by ~2.3 fold for C6CP and ~1.6 fold for PTX (Table 2).”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This effect was the most pronounced for PTX in all combination formulations, was quite noticeable for high loaded PTX/C6CP PM as well as combination drug micelles containing two more hydrophobic cisplatin prodrugs (Figure 2).”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a result, the overall LC and the total drug concentration in these formulations were maximized reaching as much as ~46 % and ~43 g/L, respectively.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, the co-loaded PTX and CP were quantitatively recovered by HPLC and each drug retention time was the same as that of the respective free drug analytical standard.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A broad range of drug mixing ratios and exceptionally high two-drug loading of over 50 wt.% drug in a stable micellar solution is demonstrated.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The combination drug micelles PTX/C6CP PM (40/3/50) had the greatest effect surpassing any of the treatment groups in both the inhibition of the tumor growth and in the prolongation of the lifespan to a median of (Figure 5e,f, Supplementary Tables S3 and S4).”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The MTD values were determined in healthy 6–8 week old female nude mice using a q4d x 4 regimen. These MTD were 1) 20 mg PTX/kg and 20 mg CP/kg for PTX/CP PM (2/2/10), and 2) 60 mg/kg PTX and 4.5 mg/kg C6CP for PTX/C6CP PM (40/3/50). The MTD of the free cisplatin was 3 mg/kg.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Likewise, although there was a slight (~1.1 fold) decrease in the Cmax of C8CP in the plasma, the Cmax of PTX increased ~2.0 fold.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The improvement in the PK of PTX in the PTX/C8CP PM formulation was further evidenced by ~2.2 fold increase in the plasma AUC of this drug (~1.7 fold decrease in CL) and slight (~1.1 fold) increase in the Vdobs.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this study, we co-loaded PTX and CP in POx micelles resulting in the micellar formulations with LC from ~28 % to ~46 % of the total drug in the dispersed phase, and the total drug concentration in the solution from about 3 g/L to over 40 g/L.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The tumor AUC were increased ~2.9 fold for C6CP and ~1.3 fold for PTX.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The tumor to plasma AUC ratios for C8CP in the co-loaded drug micelles, PTX/C8CP PM (2/2/10), exceeded the ratio for C8CP in the single drug micelles, C8CP PM (2/10), by ~1.4 times; and ~1.1 times exceeded for PTX.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the process of incorporation of CP in the micelles would need to be optimized in the future as Pt(IV) appears to be partially reduced to Pt(II) during preparation of the samples.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Again, the plasma AUC of C8CP in the co-loaded micelles was slightly decreased, although, surprisingly, these was almost ~2.1 fold increase in Vdobs.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In case of PTX/C8CP PM, the effects of co-loading were less dramatic and seen mainly for PTX but not for C8CP (Table 3).”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consistent with the plasma PK, the Cmax of PTX in PTX/C8CP PM was increased ~2.0 fold while the Cmax of C8CP remained unchanged when compared to single drug micelles.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this case the treatment doses in a mouse were 60 mg/kg for PTX and ~2.55 mg/kg for cisplatin equivalent, which correspond to HED of ~180 mg/m2 (~4.8 mg/kg) for PTX and ~7.5 mg/m2 (~0.89 mg/kg) for cisplatin.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also varied the PTX and CP ratios (wt.) in a broad range from excess of CP vs. PTX (3:1) to a considerable excess of PTX vs. CP (45:1).”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This pattern is seen 1) when the rate of the micellar drug transfer to serum decreases (A0 vs. A1, or A4; B0 vs. B1, or B4), or 2) when the rate of reabsorption to micelles increases (A1 vs. A2; B1 vs. B2), or 3) when both parameters are correspondingly altered (A0 vs. A3; B0 vs. B3).”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: A drug's antitumor efficacy is directly proportional to the quantity of that drug that reaches the tumor.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The clearance rate of serum-bound drug is much faster than that of drug in polymeric micelles.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the tumor Cmax ratios were ~0.8 for both formulations, and the tumor AUC ratios were 1.0 and 1.1 for PTX/C6CP and PTX/C8CP, respectively.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consistent with this, the efficacy studies suggested that these co-loaded micelles are superior to any of the single drug micelle formulation and even the mixture of the single drug micelles administered at the”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In both basic scenarios the concentration profiles and AUC values for PM compartment increase and the respective values for the serum-bound drug compartment decrease as the retention of the drug in the micelles increases (Table 4, Supplementary Figure S9).”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: A drug's antitumor efficacy is directly proportional to the quantity of that drug that reaches the tumor.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The clearance rate of serum-bound drug is much faster than that of drug in polymeric micelles.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The treatments with the single micelle drugs including PTX PM and both cisplatin prodrug forms, C6CP PM and C8CP PM resulted in a longer delay of the tumor growth and a significant increase in the median lifespan to ~18–20 days (see also Supplementary Tables S3 and S4).”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, as the drug retention in the micelles increases, Cmax decreases in scenario A, but increases in scenario B.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: A drug's antitumor efficacy is directly proportional to the quantity of that drug that reaches the tumor.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The clearance rate of serum-bound drug is much faster than that of drug in polymeric micelles.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Like in the previous case PTX PM (40/50) had a somewhat greater effect by decreasing the tumor growth rate compared to any other single drug group but this effect was not significant and neither were the difference in the lifespan compared to these treatment groups.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Like in the previous case of combination drug micelles these effects were not only statistically significant but also resulted in 2/5 long-term survivors (beyond day 60).”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the case of the co-loaded micelles PTX/C8CP PM (2/2/10), containing a relatively more hydrophobic cisplatin derivative C8CP, improved plasma PK was observed for PTX only, but not for C8CP.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, there were increases in the plasma half-life, Cmax, AUCs, and decreases in the clearance of both drugs observed for the co-loaded micelles PTX/C6CP PM (2/2/10), containing a relatively less hydrophobic cisplatin derivative, C6CP.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This tumor is very aggressive and rapidly grows within the first week of the study, with the animals median lifespan of 10.5 days (Figure 5a,b).”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It also has to be mentioned that in the co-drug loaded PM cohorts, 2 of 6 (PTX/C6CP (2/2/10) PM) and 3 of 6 (PTX/C8CP (2/2/10) PM) long-term survivors (beyond day 50) were observed.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed, C8CP PM (2/10) appears to have considerably higher Cmax and AUC both in plasma and in tumor when compared with C6CP PM (2/10), while the PK parameters of the respective drugs in PTX/C8CP PM (2/2/10) and PTX/C6CP PM (2/2/10) are similar.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The nanoparticles in the obtained formulations were small, mostly uniform (PDI 0.11 to 0.2), and stable upon storage for over 12 days.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In fact, for the co-loaded drug formulation the plasma half-life of C8CP was even slightly decreased when compared to the single drug micelles (t1/2, α 6.54 h vs. 7.40 h), although the half-life of PTX was still increased (t1/2, α 5.68 h vs. 3.67 h).”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the differences in the tumor inhibition between these groups were not significant, the co-loaded PTX/C8CP PM group had a statistically higher lifespan than the respective PTX PM and C8CP PM single drug mixture (Tables S3 and S4).”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A major improvement in the anti-tumor treatment was observed with both combination drug PMs (PTX/C6CP (2/2/10) PM and PTX/C8CP (2/2/10) PM) which resulted in a pronounced tumor growth inhibition and a very significant increase of the median lifespan to ~46.5–55.4 days.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This micellar system displays a broad range of drug mixing ratios and exceptionally high two-drug loading as well as the slowed-down release of the drugs to the serum as a result of their co-loading.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Conclusion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results of the simulation suggest that an increase of the retention of a drug in the micelle can indeed result in an increase in the overall amount of the drug in the tumor compartment, albeit only in the case when the permeability of the micellar and serum-bound drugs to the tumor are comparable.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: A drug's antitumor efficacy is directly proportional to the quantity of that drug that reaches the tumor.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The clearance rate of serum-bound drug is much faster than that of drug in polymeric micelles.
- The authors state this as an assumption: In the three-compartment PK simulation, micelles are stable and do not break down into unimers.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The improved PK and increased tumor distribution for both drugs as a result of their formulation in one micelle is demonstrated for the animal tumor model.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Conclusion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On one hand, based on our data, the stronger the drug is retained in the micelles, the greater the plasma exposure is, and the greater the tumor accumulation of this drug is.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“PTX is a member of taxanes family, which arrest cells in the G2/M phase by binding to the β-tubulin subunits, inhibiting depolymerization of microtubules and cause apoptosis through cell-signaling cascades [3].”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] Schiff, 1979, Promotion of microtubule assembly in vitro by taxol, Nature source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This alone have been shown to be highly beneficial for cancer treatment in animal tumor models by decreasing the excipient-related toxicity, widening the therapeutic index and allowing high dose PTX therapy [15].”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] He, 2016, A high capacity polymeric micelle of paclitaxel: implication of high dose drug therapy to safety and in vivo anti-cancer activity, Biomaterials source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, the results provide support for the use of PTX and cisplatin co-loaded micelles as a strategy for improved chemotherapy of ovarian and breast cancer and potential for the clinical translation.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, the prodrug with the longer alkyl chain (C10CP) was ~30 times more toxic compared to cisplatin, while the prodrug with the shorter alkyl chain (C6CP) was only ~4 times more toxic.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Clinical use of cisplatin is complicated by the dose-limiting side effects as well as rapid development of drug resistance [5].”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] Siddik, 2003, Cisplatin: mode of cytotoxic action and molecular basis of resistance, Oncogene source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“which may be due to partial reduction of the Pt(IV) during the rehydration step in the micelle preparation.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Animals were randomized into groups of five or six mice, each group having approximately same mean tumor volumes of ~ 300 mm3, and then administered via tail vein using q4d x 4 regimen (days 0. 4. 8. 12) with the test articles.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Methods
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The results suggest a possibility of developing a novel high capacity PM combination drug regimen of PTX combined with low dose of cisplatin, which is superior to high capacity PTX PM micelles alone [15].”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] He, 2016, A high capacity polymeric micelle of paclitaxel: implication of high dose drug therapy to safety and in vivo anti-cancer activity, Biomaterials source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Notably, the ICP-MS technique used for determination of CP prodrugs in PK studies does not distinguish between different forms of platinates.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compared to POx PM in our study, these systems displayed considerably lower drug loadings and less flexibility in changing the drug ratio, which is essential for optimizing synergistic drug combinations.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, a decrease in the release rate of C6CP observed as a result of co-loading of this drug with PTX may be responsible for a relatively better retention of C6CP in the co-loaded micelles in plasma and improvement in the plasma and tumor PK as result of co-loading.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The connection between drug release rate and the pharmacokinetics and tumor distribution of micellar drugs has been relatively little studied.
In the paper
“Since PTX PM have been previously consistently superior to the PTX formulations compared to Taxol and Abraxane (two nanoformulations being used in the clinic) [15] the latters were not included in treatment comparisons.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] He, 2016, A high capacity polymeric micelle of paclitaxel: implication of high dose drug therapy to safety and in vivo anti-cancer activity, Biomaterials source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although some of these studies demonstrated a synergistic effect of two drugs in vitro, and in select cases superior anti-tumor effect of co-formulated two drugs compared to single drugs in vivo, the reported systems have constrains due to different mechanisms of drug loading.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The trend is a result of a lower micelle vs. serum clearance rates assumed and it appears to be consistent with the experimental data in Table 2 and 3 for PTX and C6CP.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Materials and methods > Results
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The clearance rate of serum-bound drug is much faster than that of drug in polymeric micelles.
In the paper
“As a result, complex equilibriums should establish in a steady state condition, although an existence of any such equilibrium in the body should not be assumed automatically, because the redistribution of the solutes between the PM and environment could be quite slow [32].”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [32] Kabanov, 2002, Pluronic block copolymers in drug delivery: from micellar nanocontainers to biological response modifiers, Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrier Syst. source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, our previous study of the plasma PK and biodistribution of Pluronic P85 was carried out at the critical micelle concentration (CMC), when only unimers were present, and well above this concentration, when both unimers and micelles were present [33].”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] Batrakova, 2004, Distribution kinetics of a micelle-forming block copolymer Pluronic P85, J. Contr. Release source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One possible explanation is that the drug molecules are transferred to the serum proteins and then accumulate in the tumors, perhaps, in a serum-bound state, along with the micelles that can also carry the drug to the tumor.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The demonstrated superior efficacy of the PTX and cisplatin co-loaded micelles suggests that co-loading of drugs is one strategy for improved chemotherapy of cancer and the researched formulations may hold promise for the further translational development.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Conclusion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That means that the drugs were cleared faster than the micelles and suggests at least partial release of the drugs from the micelles to serum proteins.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It was discovered, that clearance was independent on the concentration, which was indicative of the renal clearance of the unimers but not the micelles (that were above the renal clearance limit).”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] Batrakova, 2004, Distribution kinetics of a micelle-forming block copolymer Pluronic P85, J. Contr. Release source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since micelles are dynamic structures they are expected to exchange their components with the environment.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, the block copolymer chains are partitioned between the micelles and external solution (individually dissolved block copolymer chains or unimers), while the hydrophobic drugs, such as PTX and CP, are partitioned between the micelles and serum proteins present in the blood.”
§ Co-delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymeric Micelles: Implications for Drug Loading, Release, Pharmacokinetics and Outcome of Ovarian and Breast Cancer Treatments > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Taxanes including PTX are very poorly soluble and require toxic excipients in clinical formulations, such as Cremophor EL in Taxol, which can cause severe hypersensitivity reactions.
“However, taxanes, including PTX, are very poorly soluble and thereby require the use of toxic excipients in clinical formulations, such as Cremophor EL in Taxol, which can cause severe hypersensitivity reactions in patients.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many drugs have poor miscibility with each other and many nanoparticle carriers have a fairly low loading threshold for such drugs.
“A principal bottleneck in the development of co-loaded drug nanoformulations is that many drugs have poor miscibility with each other and many nanoparticle carriers have a fairly low loading threshold for such drugs.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Drug disposition in the three-compartment model follows first-order processes.
“A three-compartmental model assuming first-order processes was developed using the computational modeling platform ADAPT5 [21].”
The paper relies on this without support.
The three-compartment model with micelle, serum, and tumor compartments adequately represents drug distribution.
“The improved tumor delivery of co-loaded drugs was related to decreased drug release rates as confirmed by simulation for micelle, serum and tumor compartments in a three-compartmental model.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Radioactive labels track the polymer and PTX in pharmacokinetic studies.
“All injections contained 64Cu-labelled POx (4 μCi/mouse) and PTX injections contained 3H-PTX (5 μCi/mouse).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
A drug's antitumor efficacy is directly proportional to the quantity of that drug that reaches the tumor.
“Assuming that the antitumor efficacy of a drug is directly related to the amount of this drug delivered to the tumor, we conducted PK modeling to estimate effects of various parameters on the tumor distribution of the micellar drugs.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The clearance rate of serum-bound drug is much faster than that of drug in polymeric micelles.
“For both scenarios we assume that the clearance rate of the serum-bound drug is much faster than that of the drug in PM (k10 ≪ k20), which is generally consistent with our previous data comparing PK of PTX POx PM and Taxol that rapidly releases drug to the serum [15].”
The authors state this as an assumption.
In the three-compartment PK simulation, micelles are stable and do not break down into unimers.
“To illustrate this phenomenon, we carried out a PK simulation for a three-compartmental model under a simplified assumption that the micelles are stable and do not disintegrate to unimers.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The connection between drug release rate and the pharmacokinetics and tumor distribution of micellar drugs has been relatively little studied.
“However, the relationship of the drug release rate and the PK and tumor distribution of micellar drugs has been relatively less explored.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“For the effective and safe delivery of drug combinations, the combination drugs should be well-solubilized in the polymeric micelle so that the amount of the excipient and injection volume can be minimized for parenteral injection [114, 188, 240].”
From Polymeric micelles for the delivery of poorly soluble drugs: From nanoformulation to clinical approval. (2020) · cites this paper as [188]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“That is, stronger micelle retention leads to significantly increased tumor AUC (Figure 7).”
From Polymeric micelles for the delivery of poorly soluble drugs: From nanoformulation to clinical approval. (2020) · cites this paper as [188]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“However, when the micelle permeability is similar to or better than that of plasma bound drug (Scenario B), then the micelle retention has a major effect of the tumor AUC.”
From Polymeric micelles for the delivery of poorly soluble drugs: From nanoformulation to clinical approval. (2020) · cites this paper as [188]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The drug combination was effectively solubilized in a POx-based block copolymer with high LC (over 50 %) and stable polymeric micelles for two-drug combinations were formed.”
From Polymeric micelles for the delivery of poorly soluble drugs: From nanoformulation to clinical approval. (2020) · cites this paper as [188]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In the Wan et al. study, this modeling approach was applied using a POx-paclitaxel polymeric micelle formulation.”
From Polymeric micelles for the delivery of poorly soluble drugs: From nanoformulation to clinical approval. (2020) · cites this paper as [188]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A recent study by our lab explored the complex, dynamic nature of POx polymeric micelles and the PK activity of these formulations [188].”
From Polymeric micelles for the delivery of poorly soluble drugs: From nanoformulation to clinical approval. (2020) · cites this paper as [188]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“It should be pointed out that both Wan et al. [188] and Bulitta et al. [248] models relied on stability of the micelles and did not account for a situation where formulation could influence the unbound drug concentration, like in the case of equilibrium micelle binding.”
From Polymeric micelles for the delivery of poorly soluble drugs: From nanoformulation to clinical approval. (2020) · cites this paper as [188]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“When the micellar drug permeability into the tumor is much less than the plasma bound drug permeability (Scenario A), then changes in the micelle drug retention have little effect on the tumor AUC.”
From Polymeric micelles for the delivery of poorly soluble drugs: From nanoformulation to clinical approval. (2020) · cites this paper as [188]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The work showed that the critical parameter was the micelle encapsulated drug permeability into the tumor effector compartment.”
From Polymeric micelles for the delivery of poorly soluble drugs: From nanoformulation to clinical approval. (2020) · cites this paper as [188]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Superior anti-tumor activity of combination therapy was confirmed in ovarian and breast cancer preclinical models.”
From Polymeric micelles for the delivery of poorly soluble drugs: From nanoformulation to clinical approval. (2020) · cites this paper as [188]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Drug-coloaded micelles had slower release of the drug components to plasma and improved drug exposure of both drugs to the tumor site (Table 5).”
From Polymeric micelles for the delivery of poorly soluble drugs: From nanoformulation to clinical approval. (2020) · cites this paper as [188]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Wan et al. also reported the co-delivery of paclitaxel and an alkylated cisplatin prodrug as polymeric micelles for the treatment of ovarian and breast cancer [188].”
From Polymeric micelles for the delivery of poorly soluble drugs: From nanoformulation to clinical approval. (2020) · cites this paper as [188]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Interestingly, PK simulations of the polymeric micelles in a three-compartment model as previously discussed revealed that a decreased release rate of drug components from the micelle could be related to the improved tumor delivery of the drug combination (Figure 7).”
From Polymeric micelles for the delivery of poorly soluble drugs: From nanoformulation to clinical approval. (2020) · cites this paper as [188]
In the citing paper
“Among them, polymeric micelles formed by amphiphilic block copolymers have gained more attention due to their unique properties such as the core/shell structure, excellent stability, and ideal encapsulation and delivery efficiency of hydrophobic drugs.34–37”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Discussion calls the ovarian cytotoxicity cell lines breast cancer cells
MinorThe discussion labels the cisplatin-sensitive and resistant cells as breast cancer cells, whereas the reported cytotoxicity comparison identifies those cells as ovarian cancer lines.
“in the cisplatin-resistant and cisplatin-sensitive breast cancer cells.”
“two ovarian cancer cell lines one of which, A2780/CisR, was cisplatin-resistant and another, A2780, cisplatin-sensitive”
Discussion assigns C6CP an AUC and clearance improvement the results deny
MinorThe discussion says plasma AUC increased and clearance decreased for both drugs in the C6CP co-loaded formulation. The results instead say neither measure changed appreciably for C6CP.
“Specifically, there were increases in the plasma half-life, Cmax, AUCs, and decreases in the clearance of both drugs observed for the co-loaded micelles PTX/C6CP PM (2/2/10), containing a relatively less hydrophobic cisplatin derivative, C6CP.”
“At the same time, practically no changes in the plasma AUC and CL of C6CP was observed.”
Cisplatin-equivalent human dose uses conflicting unit conversions
MinorOne passage equates roughly 0.83-0.89 mg/kg with 31-33 mg/m2, while another equates 0.89 mg/kg with only 7.5 mg/m2. These cannot both be the stated human-equivalent conversion.
“~7.5 mg/m2 (~0.89 mg/kg) for cisplatin.”
“~31–33 mg/m2 (~0.83–0.89 mg/kg) for cisplatin”
PTX tumor-to-plasma AUC comparison is inconsistent for C8CP co-loading
MinorThe reported 1.1-fold tumor AUC increase and 2.2-fold plasma AUC increase for PTX imply a tumor-to-plasma ratio half as large as the single-drug ratio, not 1.1 times as large.
Reported 1.1 · recomputed 0.5
“The tumor to plasma AUC ratios for C8CP in the co-loaded drug micelles, PTX/C8CP PM (2/2/10), exceeded the ratio for C8CP in the single drug micelles, C8CP PM (2/10), by ~1.4 times; and ~1.1 times exceeded for PTX.”
Citations
Cites
Chou, T.-C., & Talalay, P. (1984) · Advances in Enzyme Regulation · doi:10.1016/0065-2571(84)90007-4 · Cited by 7,178
Drug combination studies and their synergy quantification using the Chou-Talalay method
Chou, T.-C. (2010) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-1947 · Cited by 5,739 · cited 1×
“However, a consideration of the drug pharmacological synergy by the analysis CI using the isobologram equation of Chou–Talalay [22], suggested that the synergy strongly depends on the drug ratio.”
MethodPromotion of microtubule assembly in vitro by taxol
SCHIFF, P. B., FANT, J., & HORWITZ, S. B. (1979) · Nature · doi:10.1038/277665a0 · Cited by 3,600 · cited 1×
“PTX is a member of taxanes family, which arrest cells in the G2/M phase by binding to the β-tubulin subunits, inhibiting depolymerization of microtubules and cause apoptosis through cell-signaling cascades [3].”
BackgroundCisplatin: mode of cytotoxic action and molecular basis of resistance
Siddik, Z. H. (2003) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1206933 · Cited by 3,335
Accumulation of sub-100 nm polymeric micelles in poorly permeable tumours depends on size
Cabral, H., Matsumoto, Y., Mizuno, K., Chen, Q., Murakami, M., Kimura, M., Terada, Y., Kano, M. R., Miyazono, K., Uesaka, M., et al. (2011) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/nnano.2011.166 · Cited by 2,429
Florea, A.-M., & Büsselberg, D. (2011) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers3011351 · Cited by 1,759
Dhar, S., Gu, F., Langer, R., Farokhzad, O. C., & Lippard, S. J. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0809154105 · Cited by 994 · cited 1×
“Hydrophobic derivatives of cisplatin, with aliphatic chains of different length (n = 4, 6, 8 and 10 carbon atoms) at the axial positions, C6CP, C8CP, and C10CP, were synthesized as previously described [16].”
MethodAlbumin-bound formulation of paclitaxel (Abraxane® ABI-007) in the treatment of breast cancer
Tomao, S. (2009) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s3061 · Cited by 695 · cited 1×
“There is no doubt that the serum bound drug is active upon tumors as the release of the drug, in particular PTX, to the serum is a putative mechanism of the antitumor activity of Taxol [34], and another blockbuster PTX-based drug, Abraxane, represents the complex of PTX with serum albumin [35].”
BackgroundA program package for simulation and parameter estimation in pharmacokinetic systems
D’Argenio, D. Z., & Schumitzky, A. (1979) · Computer Programs in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/0010-468x(79)90025-4 · Cited by 471
Poly (2-oxazoline) s as polymer therapeutics
Luxenhofer, R., Han, Y., Schulz, A., Tong, J., He, Z., Kabanov, A. V., & Jordan, R. (2012) · Macromolecular Rapid Communications · doi:10.1002/marc.201200354 · Cited by 470 · cited 1×
“One novel drug carrier system that stands apart from the others in that regard is polymeric micelles [11], based on amphiphilic block copolymers of poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline)s and specifically the poly[(2-methyl-2-oxazoline)-b-(2-butyl-2oxazoline)-b-(2-methyl-2-oxazoline)] (P(MeOx-BuOx-MeOx) triblock copolymer [12].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 41 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Leonessa, 1996, vol. 73, 154
- FDA, 2005, vol. 70, 42346
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hwang, D., Ramsey, J. D., & Kabanov, A. V. (2020) · Advanced drug delivery reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2020.09.009 · Cited by 699
Self-citationTargeted therapy in chronic diseases using nanomaterial-based drug delivery vehicles
Singh, A. P., Biswas, A., Shukla, A., & Maiti, P. (2019) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-019-0068-3 · Cited by 645
“Combinatorial therapy of paclitaxel (PTX) and alkylated cisplatin prodrug loaded in amphiphilic block copolymer poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline-block-2-butyl-2-oxazolineblock-2-methyl-2-oxazoline) (P(MeOx-b-BuOx-b-MeOx) in ovarian and breast cancer showed sustained drug release and resulted in improved pharmacokinetics and…”
BackgroundPolymeric micelles in cancer therapy: State of the art
Ghosh, B., & Biswas, S. (2021) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.02.016 · Cited by 561
Triple Negative Breast Cancer Treatment Options and Limitations: Future Outlook
Obidiro, O. P., Battogtokh, G., & Akala, E. O. (2023) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics15071796 · Cited by 564
“where a A2780/CisR-resistant xenograft tumor and LCC-6MDR multidrug-resistant breast cancer orthotopic model demonstrated superior antitumor activity with co-loaded PTX/Cisplatin drug micelles compared with single drug micelles [128].”
BackgroundNanocarrier-based systems for targeted and site specific therapeutic delivery
Majumder, J., Taratula, O., & Minko, T. (2019) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2019.07.010 · Cited by 411
Metadata
- Authors
- Wan, X., Beaudoin, J. J., Vinod, N., Min, Y., Makita, N., Bludau, H., Jordan, R., Wang, A., Sokolsky, M., & Kabanov, A. V.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Technische Universität Dresden (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Kabanov, Alexander V.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Biomaterials
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-02
- Volume
- 192
- Pages
- 1-14
- ISSN
- 0142-9612 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6331221
- OpenAlex
- W2899192398
- Cited by
- 201
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 26
- FWCI
- 7.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Biomaterials (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (ECCS-1542015)
- National Cancer Institute (U54CA198999, R21 CA182322)
- China Scholarship Council (2011601254)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advanced Drug Delivery Systems
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Dendrimers and Hyperbranched Polymers
- Keywords
- paclitaxel, cisplatin, co-delivery, amphiphilic block copolymers, drug loading, controlled drug release, pharmacokinetics, tumor distribution, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, cisplatin resistance, multidrug resistance, combination chemotherapy
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Antineoplastic Agents, Breast Neoplasms, Cisplatin, Drug Carriers, Female, Humans, Mice, Nude, Micelles, Ovarian Neoplasms, Oxazoles, Paclitaxel, Cell Line, Tumor, Drug Liberation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
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Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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