Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of microalgae for biofuel production: State of the art review and future prospects

Biodiesel from microalgae

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Biofuels from Microalgae—A Review of Technologies for Production, Processing, and Extractions of Biofuels and Co-Products

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Hydrothermal liquefaction of spent coffee grounds for crude bio-oil production

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Modeling and Experimental Study of an Open Channel Raceway System to Improve the Performance of Nannochloropsis salina Cultivation

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ChemInform Abstract: Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL) of Microalgae for Biofuel Production: State of the Art Review and Future Prospects

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Catalytic Conversion of Fossil and Renewable Fuel Resources: Approaches Using Sub and Supercritical Water as a Reaction Medium

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Subcritical and Supercritical Water Treatments for Bio-Oil Production and Upgrading

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Microalgal Hydrothermal Liquefaction: A Promising Way to Sustainable Bioenergy Production

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Algae Biomass Conversion Technologies

Dutta, N., Mahmood, F., Sarwar, A., Sultan, M. T., Ahmad, M. M., Khan, M. U., & Omar, M. M. (2022) · Practice, progress, and proficiency in sustainability · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-2438-4.ch021 · Cited by 1

Conversion of waste tires into renewable fuel

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A Mini Review of the Potentials of Chlorella Species Microalge for the Production of Biocrude by Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL) Operation

Ikhazuangbe, P. M. O., Eboibi, B. E., Amabogha, B., Orugba, H. O., & Agarry, S. E. (2023) · Journal Of Engineering Research Innovation And Scientific Development · doi:10.61448/jerisd12234 · Cited by 1

Studies on Effect of Process Parameters Variation on Bio-oil Yield in Subcritical and Supercritical Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Malaysian Oil Palm Biomass

Chan, Y. H., Yusup, S., Quitain, A. T., Tan, R. R., Uemura, Y., Sasaki, M., & Lam, H. L. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-17915-5_12 · Cited by 1

Bioenergy from Microalgae – Vision or Reality?

Hoyer, J., Cotta, F., Diete, A., & Großmann, J. (2017) · Chemie Ingenieur Technik · doi:10.1002/cite.201700085 · Cited by 1

Fundamentals of Hydrothermal Processing of Biomass-Related Molecules for Converting Organic Solid Wastes into Chemical Products

Aida, T. M. (2022) · Biofuels and biorefineries · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-6162-4_11 · Cited by 1

Biocrude Potential Assessment of Macroalgae for Sustainable Biofuel Production

Khan, N. T., Sudhakar, K., & Mamat, R. (2022) · Lecture notes in mechanical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-1457-7_11 · Cited by 1

Upgrading of biomass: alternative ways for biomass treatment

Ching, D. (2014) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) · Cited by 1

Biomass Transformation by Thermo‐ and Biochemical Processes to Diesel Fuel Intermediates

Bianchi, D., Perego, C., & Capuano, F. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9783527698202.ch25 · Cited by 1

Biomass as Emerging Renewable: Challenges and Opportunities

Prabhansu, & Kumar, N. (2022) · doi:10.1002/9781119785460.ch1 · Cited by 1

Viability analysis of algae biofuels and assessment of the future energy situation

Torres-Tiji, Y., & Cairó, J. J. (2015) · Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UAB (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona)

Alternative algal harvesting technique with the use of the hard clam Mercenaria mercenaria

Myers, E. R. (2015)

Isolation and identification of native microalgae for biodiesel production

Abdelaziz, A. E. M. (2014) · doi:10.71781/31517

Análise Económica da Produção de Óleo a partir de Microalgas

Silva, M. J. S. D. D. M. E. (2015)

Metabolic carbon partitioning and nitrogen utilization in photosynthetic microorganisms

Gu, H. (2016) · Digital Collections of Colorado (Colorado State University)

The potential of sewage sludge and microalgae: "green energy" production and environment benefits

Caporgno, M. P. (2016) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)

Investigation of cultivation and FAME composition isolated Phaeodactylum tricornutum from Youngheung island

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Interdependence of Financing Parameters and Processing Improvements in the Design of Economically Competitive Algal Biofuel Production Pathways

Hise, A. M. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/wy9k-g157

Use of bicarbonate salts in algal growth for enhancement of lipid content

Pedersen, T. C. (2016) · Montana State University ScholarWorks (Montana State University)

Aplicação de processos oxidativos e digestão anaeróbia na estabilização de efluente da liquefação hidrotermal de Spirulina

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Processing Techniques of Algae-Based Materials

Iqbal, S. Z., Fazal‐ur‐Rehman, Malik, N., Rehman, K., & Asi, M. R. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-812360-7.00019-7

The microbial community ecology of various systems for the cultivation of algal biodiesel

Bell, T. A. S. (2017) · Montana State University ScholarWorks (Montana State University)

Direct catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction of spirulina to biofuels with hydrogen

Zeng, Q., Liao, H., Zhou, S., Li, Q., Wang, L., Yu, Z., & Li, J. (2018) · IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science · doi:10.1088/1755-1315/108/2/022010

Experimental Investigation of Thermochemically-Derived Fuels in a Diesel Engine

Hossain, F. M. (2018) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.115545

Life Cycle Assessment and Water Footprint of Diluent and Hydrogen Production via Thermochemical Conversion of Algae Biomass

Júnior, N. (2018) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3f47h86m

Development of technological alternatives to produce renewable fuels from oleaginous microorganisms

Espinosa Gonzalez, M. I. (2014) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r31w9j

Concentration and Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Microalgae for Biofuel Production

Nakajima, M., & Ichikawa, S. (2018) · Journal of Smart Processing · doi:10.7791/jspmee.7.34

Investigation of the Wet Extraction of Hydrocarbons from a Heterotrophic Microalga, Aurantiochytrium sp. 18W-13a, by Cell Disruption Using a High-pressure Homogenizer

Fukuda, Y., Tsutsumi, S., Saito, Y., Matsushita, Y., Aoki, H., Fukuda, S., Suzuki, I., & Tani, N. (2018) · Journal of the Japan Institute of Energy · doi:10.3775/jie.97.353

Investigation of thermochemical upgrading and conversion techniques to produce biofuel from microalgal biomass, Chlorella Vulgaris

Klerk, G. D. (2018) · Murdoch University Research Portal

Aplicação de bio-adsorventes como pré-tratamento da digestão anaeróbia de efluente de liquefação hidrotermal de Spirulina

Sapillado, G. (2019) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/d.74.2019.tde-29042019-103612 · Cited by 1

Removal of high concentration of nitrate and phosphate from aqueous mixotrophic solution by Chlorella vulgaris

Şentürk, T., & Yıldız, Ş. (2019) · AQUATIC RESEARCH · doi:10.3153/ar20002

Direct Liquefaction Characteristics of Spirulina, Spartina alterniflora and Soy Protein in the Ethanol-Water Co-solvent System for Bio-oil Production

Hifni, O., Zhang, B., He, Z., Feng, H., & Xu, G. (2019) · Saudi Journal of Engineering and Technology · doi:10.36348/sjeat.2019.v04i12.004

Metabolic manipulation as a strategy for the improvement of the biocrude obtained by hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae

Martínez, A. P. (2020)

Avaliação computacional de solventes para extração de lipídios de microalgas.

do Nascimento, F. A. (2020) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/d.3.2020.tde-18032021-143936

Evaluación del proceso de oxidación hidrotermal con peróxido como alternativa de tratamiento de la fase acuosa resultante de la licuefacción hidrotermal de microalgas

Panqueva, P., & Andrés, J. (2021)

Continuous treatment of aqueous phase of hydrothermal liquefaction of Spirulina in horizontal fixed bed anaerobic reactor using biostimulated sludge

Bueno, B. E. (2020) · doi:10.11606/t.74.2020.tde-15102021-114111

Fuel Generation from CO2

Deprá, M. C., Severo, I. A., Sartori, R. B., da Silva, P. A., Zepka, L. Q., & Lopes, E. J. (2021) · Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation/Advances in science, technology & innovation · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-72877-9_3 · Cited by 1

Thermal conversion of algal biomass and its derivatives to fuels and petrochemicals

Mustapha, S. I. (2021) · doi:10.51415/10321/3629

Valorization of Biomass Into Value‐Added Products and Its Application Through Hydrothermal Liquefaction

Venkatachalam, C. D., Ravichandran, S. R., & Sengottian, M. (2022) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119818816.ch17

Bio-Adsorption Pretreatment of Post Hydrothermal Liquefaction Wastewater (Phww) for Methane ProductionPreprint

Sapillado, G., de Melo, M. P., Sobral, P. J. D. A., Ribeiro, R., & Tommaso, G. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4014198

Pirólise de bagaço de malte assistida por micro-ondas

Pimenta, F. S. (2022) · doi:10.14393/ufu.di.2022.77

Studies on the Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Lignin to Dicarboxylic Acids & Aromatics

Cronin, D. J. (2018) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.118668

Hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge for carbon negative energy production

Malhotra, M., Sathyanadh, A., & Tran, K. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99429-3.00017-5

Biofuel recovery from microalgal biomass through hydrothermal liquefaction

Venkatachalam, C. D., Ravichandran, S. R., & Sengottian, M. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-13927-7.00020-7

Indonesian macroalgae as feedstock for hydrochar production using hydrothermal conversion

Masfuri, I., Rini, T. P., Es, D. P. A. L., Adelia, N., Hadi, A., Sevie, G. N., Kinasih, N. A., Farobie, O., Saefurahman, G., Hartulistiyoso, E., et al. (2023) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/5.0183681

Simulation of Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Microalgae Using Aspenplus®Preprint

Tushar, M. S. H. K., Islam, M. S., Ahmmed, T., & Joarder, M. S. A. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4681517

Physiological Mechanisms Behind the Microbe-Induced Biofuel Production

Awasthi, S., Qurishi, Y., Sharma, D., & Dwivedi, N. (2024) · Environmental science and engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-52167-6_17

Acetone Effects As Co-Solvent on the Product-Quality, And Financial Viability of Bio-Crude Production by Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Co2 Capture MicroalgaePreprint

Ocampo, D., Gómez, E. A., Ríos, L. A., & Vargas, G. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4796700

Exploring Cost‐Effective Pathways for Future Biofuel Production

Gürkök, S. (2024) · doi:10.1002/9781394204816.ch5

A critical review on hydrothermal liquefaction screening using Microalgae as a two-way approach to sewage water treatment and biofuel production

Avanish K, T., Sharma, R., Lamba, B. Y., Bora, J., Talukdar, N., Jain, S., Shah, S. V., Choudhary, P., Rustagi, S., Singh, D., et al. (2024) · Global NEST Journal · doi:10.30955/gnj.05497

Estudo da carbonização hidrotérmica do resíduo de acerola (malphigia emarginata) com o uso de pré-tratamentos

Costa, G. (2022) · doi:10.14393/ufu.di.2022.5053 · Cited by 1

Hydrodeoxygenation of biocrude using hydrothermal liquefaction technology: hydrodeoxygenation of algal bio-oils

Saidi, M., & Farokhi, G. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-19076-6.00001-7

Algal biodiesel production for its utility as a third-generation fuel

Chakraborty, C., Tripathi, S., & Mathur, A. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-26474-0.00022-1

Thermal conversion processes

Mohanty, K., & Mohanty, S. S. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-90840-5.00006-x

Nano-Catalyst for Biocrude Production

Neto, F. S., Sousa, P. D. S., de Sousa, P. G., dos Santos, K. M., Bizerra, V. D. C., Aires, F. I. D. S., Lopes, A. A. S., & dos Santos, J. C. S. (2025) · Biofuel and biorefinery technologies · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-85036-3_14

Transformation of Lignocellulosic Biomass into Biocrude and High-Value Products

Mir, I. M., Rehman, K. U., Hussain, I., Aziz, R., & Aslam, M. (2025) · Biofuel and biorefinery technologies · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-85036-3_8

Biocrude Biorefinery: A Sustainable Solution for Bioenergy and Green Economy

Aburto, J., & Castillo-Landero, A. (2025) · Biofuel and biorefinery technologies · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-85036-3_2

Catalytic Conversion of Agricultural Residues and Food Wastes into 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid

Wang, K., Che, M., Lu, T., Luo, Y., Zhan, J., & Zhao, Y. (2025) · Biofuels and biorefineries · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-1222-2_7

Co-liquefaction of sewage water grown Chlorella sorokiniana and Scenedesmus abundans for sustainable energy production

Shah, S. V., Lamba, B. Y., Tiwari, A. K., Sharma, R., & Pulidindi, I. N. (2025) · Journal of Applied Phycology · doi:10.1007/s10811-025-03540-x

Production of Biochar from Algal Biomass and Their Applications

Mayegowda, S. B., Yashwant, M., Sarma, G., Reddy, N., & Manjula, N. G. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-92594-8_5

Biocrude Upgrading Technology and Challenges

Sousa, P. D. S., Filho, J. R. D. M., Silva, L. D. C., Vieira, R. D. S., Salamba, M. Q., & dos Santos, J. C. S. (2025) · Advances in sustainability science and technology · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-5198-6_15

A Review on Recent Advances in Clean Microalgal Bio-oil Production via Catalytic Hydrothermal Deoxygenation

Guo, Y., Xu, D., & Wang, S. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-6336-1_5

Strategies, Techniques and Advancement for Biomass Conversion: A Methodological Exploration

Jain, P., & Yadav, S. K. (2025) · Springer proceedings in earth and environmental sciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-93444-5_46

Thermochemical approaches for energy generation from biomass

Yamajala, R. B. R. D., Tiruveedhi, V. L. N. B. G., Gedda, G., & Pang, M. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-29275-0.00001-3

From Biomass to Biofuel: Innovative Microwave‐Assisted Rapid Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Palm Kernel Shells

Ahmed, A. S., Islam, M. S., Banggan, M. A. M. A., Görgün, E., Jameel, M., Ali, A., & Islam, M. S. (2025) · International Journal of Chemical Engineering · doi:10.1155/ijce/9507978

Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Breadfruit Pulp under Subcritical Water Condition for the Production of Bio-Oil

Ezenwa, O. N., Okolie, P. C., Okonkwo, C. A., Umembamalu, C. J., Chinweze, A. E., & Anyaora, S. C. (2025) · Scientia. Technology, science and society. · doi:10.59324/stss.2025.2(11).26

Introduction

Azin, R., Borazjani, Z., & Osfouri, S. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-33128-2.00001-x

Phycoremediation Potential: Can it Overcome the Major Issue in Conventional Wastewater Treatment Systems

Udaypal, & Verma, P. (2026) · Interdisciplinary biotechnological advances · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-5179-8_3

Biomass Conversion: Sustainable and Industrial Applications

Dânoun, K., Aboulhrouz, S., & Zahouily, M. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-0991-1_4

A sustainable production and extraction of bio-fuels using hydrous liquefaction of agricultural waste

Thogaru, S., Pusuluri, S. C., kumari, A., & Mandavgane, S. A. (2026) · Chemical Engineering Journal Green and Sustainable · doi:10.1016/j.cejgas.2026.100034

Computational Fluid Dynamics–Discrete Element Method Simulation of Gas–Solid Flow and Granular Temperature for Biomass Particles: Effects of Particle Properties and Gas Flow Velocity

Yang, Z., Qi, J., Wu, J., Li, J., Zhang, Y., & Yin, J. (2026) · Energy & Fuels · doi:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c05542

Multi-objective dynamic optimization problems of batch hydrothermal liquefaction of Tetraselmis sp. for optimal bio-oil synthesis

Bandaru, J. M. C., & De, R. (2026) · Fuel · doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138704

Enhanced multi step solvent extraction for fractionated bio oil production from sugarcane bagasse via hydrothermal liquefaction

Kader, E. A., Osman, R. M., El-Araby, R., & Hawash, S. I. (2026) · BMC Chemistry · doi:10.1186/s13065-026-01751-y

Bio-bitumes obtenus pas Liquéfaction Hydrothermale : approche expérimentale et modélisation.

Rolland, A. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/0300dd67zc9c0z4273z8e09z2284493ed0db

Catalytic hydroconversion of algal oils for biofuel production

Magalhães, B. D. C. (2023) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/5973aaa8z8a3ez4642z9bb5z07da7f52d0a5

Culture de microalgues sur phase aqueuse issue de liquéfaction hydrothermale

Ramírez-Romero, A. (2023) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/416df9e8z539ez4702zbfa9z0e13f1fb959b

Hydrothermal Liquefaction and Pyrolysis for Biofuel Production

Maurya, A., Pradhan, N., & Yadav, M. (2026) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/9781837676781-00161

Biomass gasification for microalgae cultivation and energy generation

Alprol, A. E., & Mohsen, M. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-29269-9.00006-x

Multiobjective Optimization of the Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Microalgae for Cost-Effective Advanced Biofuels Production

Martinez-Villarreal, S., Dochy, B., de Vreken, I. V., Vasilakou, K., Nimmegeers, P., & Richel, A. (2026) · Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research · doi:10.1021/acs.iecr.6c00395

Marked Improvement in Bio-Oil Yield and Compositional Quality Using Two-Step Supercritical Water Liquefaction of Different Biomass Types

Sindhuwati, C., & Williams, P. T. (2026) · Energy & Fuels · doi:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c01592 · Cited by 1

Hydrothermal Liquefaction: A Promising Pathway for Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)

Beas, I. N., Patel, B., Bingwa, N., Jewell, L. L., Gorimbo, J., & Darkwa, J. (2026) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/9781837678723-00250

Advancements in Hydrothermal Processing of Microalgae for Environment-friendly Products: A Review

Shah, S. V., Lamba, B. Y., & Tiwari, A. K. (2026) · Indian Journal of Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s12088-026-01571-7

Strategies for Innovations in Algal Biomass Utilisation: From Biofuel Production to Environmental Sustainability

Hussain, M., Rayamajhi, V., Shabbir, A., Aslam, F., Siddiqui, F., Khan, H., Shin, H., & Jung, S.-M. (2026) · Waste and Biomass Valorization · doi:10.1007/s12649-026-03779-6

Holding Water: A Review of Biochar and Hydrochar for Soil Amendment

Issifu, A. R., & Zhang, C. H. (2026) · Water · doi:10.3390/w18172062

Machine learning based prediction of CO2 emissions in biomass hydrothermal liquefaction

Yadav, K., Alkwai, L. M., Almansour, S., Dutta, D., Abu-Shareha, A. A., & Pashtun, F. (2026) · Energy Conversion and Management X · doi:10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.102300

Recycling hydrothermal liquefaction aqueous phase and biochar for Chlorella minutissima cultivation under a potential circular economy approach

Tiwari, R., Devadiga, S., & Mallick, N. (2026) · Journal of Applied Phycology · doi:10.1007/s10811-026-04008-2

Chlorella vulgaris thermochemical valorization: experimental and life cycle assessment of hydrothermal liquefaction versus pyrolysis

Díaz, A., Abelleira, S., Cueto, J., Iribarren, D., Dufour, J., Moreno, I., & Serrano, D. P. (2026) · Biomass and Bioenergy · doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.110137

Marine organic waste valorization on seafood-based industry development: A review on circular bioeconomy and Technology Readiness Level (TRL) perspectives

Karuppaiah, N. D., Garlapati, D., Chetapalli, C., Sachithanandam, V., Ch., V., Vinithkumar, N. V., Dharani, G., & Ramakrishnan, B. (2026) · Next Sustainability · doi:10.1016/j.nxsust.2026.100541

A Review of the Biofuel Yield in Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Different Microalgae

Song, W., Wang, S., & Guo, Y. (2015) · International Conference on Advances in Energy and Environmental Science · doi:10.2991/icaees-15.2015.280 · Cited by 4

Hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae to produce biofuels: state of the art and future prospects

Vlaskin, M. S., Chernova, N. I., Киселева, С. В., Попель, О. С., & Зиновьевич, Ж. А. (2017) · Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1134/s0040601517090105 · Cited by 63

Recent Advances in Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Microalgae

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