Thermochemical biofuel production in hydrothermal media: A review of sub- and supercritical water technologies
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Hydrothermal technologies are broadly defined as chemical and physical transformations in high-temperature (200–600 °C), high-pressure (5–40 MPa) liquid or supercritical water. This thermochemical means of reforming biomass may have energetic advantages, since, when water is heated at high pressures a phase change to steam is avoided which avoids large enthalpic energy penalties. Biological chemicals undergo a range of reactions, including dehydration and decarboxylation reactions, which are influenced by the temperature, pressure, concentration, and presence of homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysts. Several biomass hydrothermal conversion processes are in development or demonstration. Liquefaction processes are generally lower temperature (200–400 °C) reactions which produce liquid products, often called “bio-oil” or “bio-crude”. Gasification processes generally take place at higher temperatures (400–700 °C) and can produce methane or hydrogen gases in high yields.
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During HTC, lipids become more miscible in water and degrade into fatty acids due to high temperature and pressure.
“These, during HTC, due to the high temperature and pressure, become more miscible in water and degrade into fatty acids [47].”
From Hydrothermal Carbonization of Organic Waste and Biomass: A Review on Process, Reactor, and Plant Modeling (2021) · cites this paper as [47]
During HTC, due to temperature and pressure conditions, glycosidic bonds connecting glucose monomers in cellulose are broken to form glucose monomers.
“During HTC, due to temperature and pressure conditions, glycosidic bonds that connect glucose monomers forming cellulose are broken up to form glucose monomers [47].”
From Hydrothermal Carbonization of Organic Waste and Biomass: A Review on Process, Reactor, and Plant Modeling (2021) · cites this paper as [47]
Biocrude produced by liquefaction has an oxygen content of 10-20 wt.% and a heating value of about 30-36 MJ/kg.
“The biocrude produced by the liquefaction process has an oxygen content of 10–20 wt.% and a heating value of about 30–36 MJ/kg, which can be further improved to liquids similar to diesel and jet fuel [3, 6, 7].”
From Research Progress, Trends, and Future Prospects on Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Algae for Biocrude Production: A Bibliometric Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
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- Authors
- Peterson, A. A., Vogel, F., Lachance, R. P., Fröling, M., Antal, Jr., & Tester, J. W.
- Affiliations
- Paul Scherrer Institute (CH)
- United States Military Academy (US)
- Chalmers University of Technology (SE)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tester, Jefferson W.
- Venue
- Energy & Environmental Science
- Publisher
- Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
- Published
- 2008
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 32
- ISSN
- 1754-5692 (ISSN-L)
- 1754-5706
- OpenAlex
- W2159594704
- Cited by
- 2,132
- References
- 246
- Citations by year
- 2026: 98 · 2025: 121 · 2024: 108 · 2023: 107 · 2022: 144 · 2021: 155 · 2020: 161 · 2019: 157 · 2018: 165 · 2017: 140 · 2016: 124 · 2015: 165 · 2014: 159 · 2013: 111 · 2012: 80
- FWCI
- 29.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.dora.lib4ri.ch
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Energy & Environmental Science (publishedVersion)
- DORA PSI (Paul Scherrer Institute) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Chalmers Publication Library (Chalmers University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Chalmers Research (Chalmers University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Energy (DE-FG36-)
- General Mills
- Harvard University
- Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse
- Paul Scherrer Institut
- Army Research Office
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Subcritical and Supercritical Water Processes
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Computational Mechanics › Heat transfer and supercritical fluids
- Keywords
- biomass thermochemical conversion, hydrothermal conversion, supercritical water, subcritical water, biomass liquefaction, bio-oil, biocrude, biomass gasification, hydrogen production, methane production, dehydration reactions, heterogeneous catalysts, homogeneous catalysts
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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