Microalgae for oil: Strain selection, induction of lipid synthesis and outdoor mass cultivation in a low-cost photobioreactor
Abstract
Thirty microalgal strains were screened in the laboratory for their biomass productivity and lipid content. Four strains (two marine and two freshwater), selected because robust, highly productive and with a relatively high lipid content, were cultivated under nitrogen deprivation in 0.6-L bubbled tubes. Only the two marine microalgae accumulated lipid under such conditions. One of them, the eustigmatophyte Nannochloropsis sp. F&M-M24, which attained 60% lipid content after nitrogen starvation, was grown in a 20-L Flat Alveolar Panel photobioreactor to study the influence of irradiance and nutrient (nitrogen or phosphorus) deprivation on fatty acid accumulation. Fatty acid content increased with high irradiances (up to 32.5% of dry biomass) and following both nitrogen and phosphorus deprivation (up to about 50%). To evaluate its lipid production potential under natural sunlight, the strain was grown outdoors in 110-L Green Wall Panel photobioreactors under nutrient sufficient and deficient conditions. Lipid productivity increased from 117 mg/L/day in nutrient sufficient media (with an average biomass productivity of 0.36 g/L/day and 32% lipid content) to 204 mg/L/day (with an average biomass productivity of 0.30 g/L/day and more than 60% final lipid content) in nitrogen deprived media. In a two-phase cultivation process (a nutrient sufficient phase to produce the inoculum followed by a nitrogen deprived phase to boost lipid synthesis) the oil production potential could be projected to be more than 90 kg per hectare per day. This is the first report of an increase of both lipid content and areal lipid productivity attained through nutrient deprivation in an outdoor algal culture. The experiments showed that this marine eustigmatophyte has the potential for an annual production of 20 tons of lipid per hectare in the Mediterranean climate and of more than 30 tons of lipid per hectare in sunny tropical areas.
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Existing differences between marine and freshwater species in lipid-producing ability under nitrogen deprivation are often noted.
“When studying the lipid-producing ability of microalgae under conditions of nitrogen deprivation, the existing differences between marine and freshwater species are often noted [91, 103].”
From Nitrogen and phosphorus stress as a tool to induce lipid production in microalgae (2023) · cites this paper as [103]
Microalgae are a feasible source of biodiesel due to their ability to accumulate significant amounts of lipids and carbohydrates as energy stores within their cells.
“Microalgae, which are single-celled phytoplankton, have been shown in studies to be a feasible source of biodiesel due to their ability to accumulate significant amounts of lipids and carbohydrates as energy stores within their cells [1 -4].”
From Response to nutrient variation on lipid productivity in green microalgae captured using second derivative FTIR and Raman spectroscopy (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
Nearly 80% of the TAGs are saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids.
“Studies have shown that nearly 80% of the TAGs are saturated (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA)[3,52,61,62], and their vibration can be attributed to the carbonyl stretches of esters in the fatty acids at ~1740 cm -1 .”
From Response to nutrient variation on lipid productivity in green microalgae captured using second derivative FTIR and Raman spectroscopy (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
Several microalgal species, including Chlorella, Haematococcus, Dunaliella, Spirulina, Nannochloropsis, Scenedesmus, Chlamydomonas, and Monoraphidium, have been reported as promising for biodiesel through traditional lipid quantification.
“Microalgal species like Chlorella, Haemattococcus, Dunaliella , Spirulina , Nannochloropsis, Scenedesmus, Chlamydomonas and Monoraphidium have been reported as promising species for biodiesel applications through traditional lipid quantification methods [10,46,47].”
From Biomolecular transitions and lipid accumulation in green microalgae monitored by FTIR and Raman analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [10]
TAGs are neutral lipids primarily made up of SFA and MUFA and are preferred compounds for biodiesel.
“TAGs are neutral lipids primarily made up of saturated (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) [10,11] and are the preferred compounds for biodiesel (Section 1).”
From Biomolecular transitions and lipid accumulation in green microalgae monitored by FTIR and Raman analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [10]
Among the three species, increased TAG accumulation was observed for M. contortum, indicating it is rich in saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids.
“Among the three species, increased accumulation of TAGs (Fig. 5) was observed for M.contortum which indicate that the species is rich with saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids [10,11,47].”
From Biomolecular transitions and lipid accumulation in green microalgae monitored by FTIR and Raman analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [10]
The content of C14:0, C16:0, C16:1Δ9, and C18:1Δ9 (dry weight) in N. oceanica IMET1 increased significantly (P < 0.001) following nitrogen depletion.
“When IMET1 cultures under nitrogen-depleted conditions were compared with those under nitrogen-replete conditions, the content of C14:0, C16:0, C16:1 D9 , and C18:1 D9 (dry weight) appeared to increase significantly (P , 0.001) following nitrogen depletion (Figs. 9 and 10B), which was similar to the results reported by Rodolfi et al. (2009).”
From Responses of<i>Nannochloropsis oceanica</i>IMET1 to Long-Term Nitrogen Starvation and Recovery (2013) · cites this paper as Rodolfi et al. (2009)
A number of microalgal species have been found to naturally accumulate high oil levels in total dry biomass.
“a number of microalgal species have been found to naturally accumulate high oil levels in total dry biomass [18].”
From Biofuels from algae: Challenges and potential (2010) · cites this paper as [18]
In the authors' model, petroleum-based oil would have to cost approximately $710 per barrel for Scenedesmus spp. with 0.21 g/l/day biomass and 21% lipid content to be economically viable using existing production technologies.
“In our model, petroleum-based oil would have to cost approximately $710 per barrel for this organism to be economically viable at these growth and lipid accumulation rates using existing production technologies.”
From Biofuels from algae: Challenges and potential (2010) · cites this paper as [18]
Members of the Scenedesmus genus have been identified as potential oil-producing species, with both rapid growth and relatively high lipid content.
“In terms of oil production, of the published algal species, members of the Scenedesmus genus have been identified as potential oil-producing species, with both rapid growth, as well as relatively high lipid content [18,101,102].”
From Biofuels from algae: Challenges and potential (2010) · cites this paper as [18]
Cyanobacteria have received less attention than other feedstocks such as microalgae or crops for production of lipid-based biofuels.
“For the production of lipid-based biofuels, cyanobacteria have received less attention than other feedstocks such as microalgae (Miao and Wu 2006; Rodolfi et al. 2009) or crops.”
From Renewable energy from Cyanobacteria: energy production optimization by metabolic pathway engineering (2011) · cites this paper as Rodolfi et al. 2009
Microalgae can grow in marginal terrain using water sources unsuitable for agriculture, with a potential oil yield 5-20 times higher than palm oil on an equal area basis.
“Microalgae can grow in marginal terrain using water sources unsuitable for agriculture, with a potential oil yield 5–20 times higher than palm oil on an equal area basis [14].”
From A Holistic Approach to Circular Bioeconomy Through the Sustainable Utilization of Microalgal Biomass for Biofuel and Other Value-Added Products (2024) · cites this paper as [14]
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- Authors
- Rodolfi, L., Chini Zittelli, G., Bassi, N., Padovani, G., Biondi, N., Bonini, G., & Tredici, M. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Florence (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Tredici, Mario R.
- Venue
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2008-08-05
- Volume
- 102
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 100-112
- ISSN
- 0006-3592 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-0290
- OpenAlex
- W2021429484
- Cited by
- 2,879
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 57 · 2025: 80 · 2024: 94 · 2023: 112 · 2022: 147 · 2021: 157 · 2020: 189 · 2019: 186 · 2018: 165 · 2017: 211 · 2016: 235 · 2015: 238 · 2014: 260 · 2013: 270 · 2012: 225
- FWCI
- 47.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Florence Research (University of Florence) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Microbial Metabolic Engineering and Bioproduction
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Lipid metabolism and biosynthesis
- Keywords
- microalgae, microalgae oil, lipid accumulation, nitrogen starvation, phosphorus deprivation, Nannochloropsis, eustigmatophytes, strain selection, photobioreactors, fatty acid accumulation, irradiance, two-phase cultivation, biomass productivity, biofuel feedstock
- MeSH terms
- Culture Media, Light, Lipids, Biomass, Bioreactors, Eukaryota
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