Thiazolidinediones as antidiabetic agents: A critical review
Abstract
Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) or Glitazones are an important class of insulin sensitizers used in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). TZDs were reported for their antidiabetic effect through antihyperglycemic, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic agents. In time, these drugs were known to act by increasing the transactivation activity of Peroxisome Proliferators Activated Receptors (PPARs). The clinically used TZDs that suffered from several serious side effects and hence withdrawn/updated later, were full agonists of PPAR-γ and potent insulin sensitizers. These drugs were developed at a time when limited data were available on the structure and mechanism of PPARs. In recent years, however, PPAR-α/γ, PPAR-α/δ and PPAR-δ/γ dual agonists, PPAR pan agonists, selective PPAR-γ modulators and partial agonists have been investigated. In addition to these, several non PPAR protein alternatives of TZDs such as FFAR1 agonism, GPR40 agonism and ALR2, PTP1B and α-glucosidase inhibition have been investigated to address the problems associated with the TZDs. Using these rationalized approaches, several investigations have been carried out in recent years to develop newer TZDs devoid of side effects. This report critically reviews TZDs, their history, chemistry, mechanism mediated through PPAR, recent advances and future prospects.
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PPARγ agonists may decrease ectopic fat accumulation, thus preserving non-adipose peripheral tissues from lipotoxicity complications, including insulin resistance, liver steatosis, hyperglycemia, and cardiovascular disease.
“By enhancing the uptake and storage of FFAs in adipose tissue, PPARγ agonists may decrease ectopic fat accumulation [113], thus preserving non-adipose peripheral tissues from the wide range of lipotoxicity complications, including IR, liver steatosis, hyperglycemia and CVD [114].”
From Mediterranean diet nutrients to turn the tide against insulin resistance and related diseases (2020) · cites this paper as [113]
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BackgroundTreatment strategies against diabetes: Success so far and challenges ahead.
Khursheed, R., Singh, S. K., Wadhwa, S., Kapoor, B., Gulati, M., Kumar, R., Ramanunny, A. K., Awasthi, A., & Dua, K. (2019) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172625 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Multitarget PPARγ Agonists as Innovative Modulators of the Metabolic Syndrome
Ammazzalorso, A., Maccallini, C., Amoia, P., & Amoroso, R. (2019) · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.04.030 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
- Authors
- Nanjan, M. J., Mohammed, M., Prashantha Kumar, B. R., & Chandrasekar, M. J. N.
- Affiliations
- JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Chandrasekar, M.J.N.
- Venue
- Bioorganic Chemistry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-04
- Volume
- 77
- Pages
- 548-567
- ISSN
- 0045-2068 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2792659208
- Cited by
- 316
- References
- 99
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 15
- FWCI
- 3.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Bioorganic Chemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Natural Antidiabetic Agents Studies
- Keywords
- thiazolidinediones, type 2 diabetes, insulin sensitizers, PPARγ, PPARα, PPARδ, dual PPAR agonists, partial agonists, aldose reductase, PTP1B, α-glucosidase inhibition, antidiabetic drugs, adverse drug reactions
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Structure-Activity Relationship, Molecular Structure, Thiazolidinediones, Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors
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