The DOI matches its Crossref record; 95 of the 95 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Extinction Memory Is Impaired in Schizophrenia
Open accessAbstract
Background Schizophrenia is associated with abnormalities in emotional processing and social cognition, which might result from disruption of the underlying neural mechanism(s) governing emotional learning and memory. To investigate this possibility, we measured the acquisition and extinction of conditioned fear responses and delayed recall of extinction in schizophrenia and control subjects.Methods Twenty-eight schizophrenia and 18 demographically matched control subjects underwent a 2-day fear conditioning, extinction learning, and extinction recall procedure, in which skin conductance response (SCR) magnitude was used as the index of conditioned responses.Results During fear acquisition, 83% of the control subjects and 57% of the patients showed autonomic responsivity ("responders"), and the patients showed larger SCRs to the stimulus that was not paired with the unconditioned stimulus (CS-) than the control subjects. Within the responder group, there was no difference between the patients and control subjects in levels of extinction learning; however, the schizophrenia patients showed significant impairment, relative to the control subjects, in context-dependent recall of the extinction memory. In addition, delusion severity in the patients correlated with baseline skin conductance levels.Conclusions These data are consistent with prior evidence for a heightened neural response to innocuous stimuli in schizophrenia and elevated arousal levels in psychosis. The finding of deficient extinction recall in schizophrenia patients who showed intact extinction learning suggests that schizophrenia is associated with a disturbance in the neural processes supporting emotional memory.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Consistent with this possibility, altered fear learning, and related activity of the PFC and amygdala, has been reported in subjects with SZ (Holt et al., 2012; Holt et al., 2009).”
From Losing the sugar coating: Potential impact of perineuronal net abnormalities on interneurons in schizophrenia (2015) · cites this paper as Holt et al., 2009
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia.
Kay, S. R., Fiszbein, A., & Opler, L. A. (1987) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/13.2.261 · Cited by 21,378
LeDoux, J. E. (2000) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.155 · Cited by 8,444
Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders
Spitzer, R. L., First, M. B., & Gibbon, M. (1997) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,582
Kapur, S. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.1.13 · Cited by 2,813
Neurons in medial prefrontal cortex signal memory for fear extinction
Milad, M. R., & Quirk, G. J. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01138 · Cited by 1,836
Self-citationEffects of an expanding-spaced vs massed exposure schedule on fear reduction and return of fear
Rowe, M. K., & Craske, M. G. (1998) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(97)10016-x · Cited by 1,782
Phelps, E. A., Delgado, M. R., Nearing, K. I., & LeDoux, J. E. (2004) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.08.042 · Cited by 1,753
Meta-analysis of regional brain volumes in schizophrenia
Wright, I. C., Rabe-Hesketh, S., Woodruff, P. W. R., David, A. S., Murray, R. M., & Bullmore, E. T. (2000) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.157.1.16 · Cited by 1,662
Neural Mechanisms of Extinction Learning and Retrieval
Quirk, G. J., & Mueller, D. (2008) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301555 · Cited by 1,645
Rauch, S. L., Shin, L. M., & Phelps, E. A. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.06.004 · Cited by 1,397
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Holt, 2007, Abnormal neural responses to ambiguous social information in psychosis, Schizophr Bull, 33, 524
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–170 of 170
Fass, D. M., Lewis, M. C., Ahmad, R., Szucs, M. J., Zhang, Q., Fleishman, M., Wang, D., Kim, M. J., Biag, J. D., Carr, S. A., et al. (2022) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-022-01557-z · Cited by 20
Psychophysiology in the Study of Psychological Trauma: Where Are We Now and Where Do We Need to Be?
Acheson, D. T., Geyer, M. A., & Risbrough, V. B. (2014) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2014_346 · Cited by 19
“Extinction has shown to be impaired in a number of neuropsychiatric disorders as well as PTSD, including obsessive–compulsive disorder and schizophrenia (Holt et al. 2009; Milad et al. 2013), suggesting that extinction learning may probe common pathological circuits across these disorders.”
BackgroundMarusak, H. A., Peters, C., Hehr, A., Elrahal, F., & Rabinak, C. A. (2018) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2018.10.007 · Cited by 17
“001) than previously reported in healthy adult populations using similar experimental paradigms (e.g., 74–85%; Holt et al., 2009; Milad et al., 2009; Milad, Wright, et al., 2007; Rabinak et al., 2014).”
Monsey, M. S., Ruiz, S. G., & Taylor, J. R. (2020) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00281 · Cited by 17
“Such processes can be anxiety-provoking for patients; furthermore, extinction learning may actually be impaired in patients with psychiatric disorders (Holt et al., 2009; Singewald and Holmes, 2019).”
BackgroundBehavioral and neural mechanisms of latent inhibitionPreprint
Miller, D. B., Rassaby, M. M., Collins, K. A., & Milad, M. R. (2022) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.053439.121 · Cited by 17
“showing an overlap between how these disorders process fear learning and memories (Holt et al. 2009).”
BackgroundEmpathy in electrodermal responsive and nonresponsive patients with schizophrenia
Ikezawa, S., Corbera, S., Liu, J., & Wexler, B. E. (2012) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.09.011 · Cited by 16
“pointing to two subgroups of patients who differ in SCR responsiveness to sensory (either auditory or visual) stimuli or during fear acquisition (Öhman, 1981; Bernstein et al., 1982; Dawson and Nuechterlein, 1984; Dawson et al., 2000; Holt et al., 2009).”
Neural Abnormalities in Fear Generalization in Schizophrenia and Associations With Negative Symptoms
Tuominen, L. J., DeCross, S. N., Boeke, E. A., Cassidy, C., Freudenreich, O., Shinn, A. K., Tootell, R. B. H., & Holt, D. J. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.01.006 · Cited by 16
Strauss, G. P., Catalano, L. T., Llerena, K., & Gold, J. M. (2013) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0031212 · Cited by 14
Tani, H., Tada, M., Maeda, T., Konishi, M., Umeda, S., Terasawa, Y., Mimura, M., Takahashi, T., & Uchida, H. (2018) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.12805 · Cited by 16
“This reversed pattern of neural activity was also observed in previous studies.(15,16,65) Holt et al.”
ResultAMPA receptors control fear extinction through an Arc-dependent mechanismPreprint
Trent, S., Barnes, P., Hall, J., & Thomas, K. L. (2017) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.045013.117 · Cited by 18
Bates, V., Maharjan, A., Millar, J., Bilkey, D. K., & Ward, R. D. (2018) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/bne0000230 · Cited by 15
Understanding Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Psychosis Through the Predictive Coding Framework
Sheffield, J. M., Brinen, A. P., Feola, B., Heckers, S., & Corlett, P. R. (2024) · Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2024.100333 · Cited by 15
“There is increasing evidence that fear and extinction learning, the key aspect of associative learning for updating threat beliefs, differs in individuals with schizophrenia and is associated with delusion severity (26 – 28).”
BackgroundNamkung, H., Thomas, K. L., Hall, J., & Sawa, A. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.025 · Cited by 17
Hamati, R., Ahrens, J., Shvetz, C., Holahan, M. R., & Tuominen, L. J. (2023) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.16157 · Cited by 16
“These exaggerated responses are mirrored by brain activity changes in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, striatum and VTA, and are related to increased symptom severity (Holt et al., 2009, 2012; Jensen et al., 2008; Milad et al., 2009; Romaniuk et al., 2010; Tuominen et al., 2021).”
BackgroundThe Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm as a Sensory Learning Process in Patients with Schizophrenia
Ari, L. L., Hirschmann, S., Dyskin, O., Goldman, O., & Hirschmann, I. (2015) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.06.008 · Cited by 15
“To our knowledge, this type of sensory memory has not yet been studied in this way, however, it coincides with previous studies in which extinction memory was found to be impaired in schizophrenia when using sensory parameters [14].”
ResultUliana, D. L., Resstel, L. B. M., & Grace, A. A. (2018) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-018-0128-3 · Cited by 17
Effects of reward on spatial working memory in schizophrenia.
Cho, Y., Lam, N. H., Starc, M., Santamauro, N. P., Savić, A., Diehl, C., Schleifer, C. H., Moujaes, F., Srihari, V. H., Repovš, G., et al. (2018) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000369 · Cited by 15
“…suggests that patients with SCZ do have difficulty maintaining emotional experiences, particularly when recalling such experiences (Gard et al., 2011; Holt et al., 2009), and exhibit inappropriately diminished startle responses after emotional stimuli disappear (Kring, Germans Gard, & Gard, 2011).”
Scholz, B., Doidge, A. N., Barnes, P., Hall, J., Wilkinson, L. S., & Thomas, K. L. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0153102 · Cited by 14
“Interventions that target the post-retrieval memory processes provide a powerful therapeutic strategy for human disorders characterised by dysregulation of associative memory such as post-traumatic stress disorder, drug addiction and schizophrenia [29–32].”
BackgroundSchifani, C., Pruessner, J. C., Tseng, H., Rao, N. P., Tagore, A., Wilson, A. A., Houle, S., Rusjan, P., & Mizrahi, R. (2019) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12812 · Cited by 12
“023; effect of abridged SOPS on ΔBPND: F (1,18) = 8.”
BackgroundInfluentialHuang, C. C., Muszynski, K., Bolshakov, V. Y., & Balu, D. T. (2019) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0465-y · Cited by 13
Reduced safety processing during aversive social conditioning in psychosis and clinical risk
Quarmley, M., Gur, R. C., Turetsky, B. I., Watters, A. J., Bilker, W. B., Elliott, M. A., Calkins, M. E., Kohler, C. G., Ruparel, K., Rupert, P. E., et al. (2019) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-019-0421-9 · Cited by 12
Perrottelli, A., Giordano, G. M., Koenig, T. W., Caporusso, E., Giuliani, L., Pezzella, P., Bucci, P., Mucci, A., & Galderisi, S. (2023) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-023-00984-7 · Cited by 13
“…et al. 2011; O’Doherty 2007, 2011; Bissonette and Roesch 2016; Reddy et al. 2016; Waltz and Gold 2016; Waltz et al. 2013; Steinberg et al. 2013; Holt et al. 2009; Murray et al. 2008; Gold et al. 2008; Stein et al. 2022; Mucci et al. 2015; Rolls et al., 2019; Rolls et al. 2020; Rushworth et al.…”
BackgroundCooper, S. E., Perkins, E. R., Webler, R. D., Dunsmoor, J. E., & Krueger, R. F. (2024) · Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Science · doi:10.1037/abn0000945 · Cited by 13
Cacna1c Hemizygosity Results in Aberrant Fear Conditioning to Neutral Stimuli
Moon, A. L., Brydges, N. M., Wilkinson, L. S., Hall, J., & Thomas, K. L. (2019) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbz127 · Cited by 12
“of safety cues and reduced extinction, culminating in increased learnt fear responses in these patients.(25,26) Pavlovian fear conditioning involves the pairing of a neu-”
BackgroundSchifani, C., Hafizi, S., Tseng, H., Gerritsen, C. J., Kenk, M., Wilson, A. A., Houle, S., Rusjan, P., & Mizrahi, R. (2018) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2018.10.008 · Cited by 11
MicroRNA-210 Regulates Dendritic Morphology and Behavioural Flexibility in Mice
Watts, M. E., Williams, G., Lü, J., Nithianantharajah, J., & Claudianos, C. (2020) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-020-02197-6 · Cited by 11
Enhanced Instructed Fear Learning in Delusion-Proneness
Louzolo, A., Almeida, R., Guitart‐Masip, M., Björnsdotter, M., Lebedev, A. V., Ingvar, M., Olsson, A., & Petrović, P. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.786778 · Cited by 9
“Mirroring the clinical picture of unstable perceptions, experimental research supports the idea that low-level processes are dysfunctional in schizophrenia and related endophenotypes (Javitt & Freedman 2015).”
BackgroundMcDonald, A. J., Hamilton, P. G., & Barnstable, C. J. (2018) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-017-1542-8 · Cited by 11
“There is a loss of PNNs surrounding GABAergic interneurons in the basolateral amygdala in schizophrenia (Pantazopoulos et al. 2010, 2015; Berretta et al. 2015; Pantazopoulos and Berretta 2016), which may be associated with altered fear learning seen in this disorder (Holt et al. 2009).”
Abbs, B., Achalia, R. M., Adelufosi, A. O., Aktener, A. Y., Beveridge, N. J., Bhakta, S. G., Blackman, R. K., Bora, E., Byun, M. S., Cabanis, M., et al. (2012) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.07.024 · Cited by 8
“Also, the importance of targeting neuroplasticity was also discussed in the wake of the posited role of ventromedial preferontal cortex in the impaired fear extinction memory, especially in patients with active delusions (Holt et al., 2009).”
BackgroundWilliams, S. A., Gwilt, M., Hock, R. M., Taylor, C., Loayza, J., Stevenson, C. W., Cassaday, H. J., & Bast, T. (2022) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0270-21.2021 · Cited by 10
“Additionally, patients with schizophrenia show reduced aversive conditioning (Holt et al., 2009; Jensen et al., 2008; Romaniuk et al., 2010), which has been associated with negative symptoms (Holt et al., 2012).”
BackgroundThe Impacts of Sex Differences and Sex Hormones on Fear Extinction
Velasco, E. R., Florido, A., Pérez-Caballero, L., Marin‐Blasco, I., & Andero, R. (2023) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2023_426 · Cited by 9
Feola, B., Beermann, A., Felix, K. M., Coleman, M., Sylvain Bouix, A., Holt, D. J., Lewandowski, K. E., Öngür, D., Breier, A. F., Shenton, M. E., et al. (2024) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-024-02512-w · Cited by 7
“There was a signi fi cant group difference between the correlations ( p = 0.006).”
InfluentialResistance to Extinction of Evaluative Fear Conditioning in Delusion Proneness
Louzolo, A., Lebedev, A. V., Björnsdotter, M., Acar, K., Ahrends, C., Kringelbach, M. L., Ingvar, M., Olsson, A., & Petrović, P. (2022) · Schizophrenia Bulletin Open · doi:10.1093/schizbullopen/sgac033 · Cited by 6
“49,50 Here, we furthered this finding by focusing on explicit beliefs measured in the form of likability ratings.”
BackgroundResultNamba, H., & Nawa, H. (2020) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.06.003 · Cited by 7
GABA Receptors in the Modulation of Fear Memory Extinction
Dubrovina, N. I. (2017) · Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology · doi:10.1007/s11055-017-0438-7 · Cited by 6
“In clinical practice, analysis of conditioned fear reactions assessed using skin galvanic reactions shows a delay in the extinction process in patients with schizophrenia [Holt et al., 2009].”
BackgroundDeng, W., Tuominen, L. J., Sussman, R. F., Leathem, L. D., Vinke, L. N., & Holt, D. J. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-57746-z · Cited by 5
Extending Fear Extinction Beyond Anxiety Disorders
Martínez, K., & Quirk, G. J. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.12.025 · Cited by 5
“(3) test this hypothesis for schizophrenia, a thought disorder characterized by prefrontal deficits as well as fear-inducing perceptual disturbances and delusions.”
BackgroundPeeters, L. D., Wills, L. J., Cuozzo, A. M., Ivanich, K. L., & Brown, R. W. (2023) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-023-06379-7 · Cited by 4
“Several studies have reported impaired extinction learning in schizophrenia, clinically manifesting in persistence of delusions and disruptions in emotional learning and memory (Holt et al. 2009; Clifton et al. 2017).”
BackgroundEnomoto, K., Shibata, K., Muraoka, H., Kawano, M., Inada, K., Ishigooka, J., Nishimura, K., & Oshibuchi, H. (2024) · Neuropsychopharmacology Reports · doi:10.1002/npr2.12418 · Cited by 3
Evolutionary genetic analyses of MEF2C gene: Implications for learning and memory in Homo sapiens
Kalmady, S. V., Venkatasubramanian, G., Arasappa, R., & Rao, N. P. (2012) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2012.08.007 · Cited by 4
Shared neural substrates of deficits in social cognition and negative symptoms in schizophrenia
Pelletier‐Baldelli, A., & Holt, D. J. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815315-4.00005-7 · Cited by 4
Goal-Directed Deficits in Schizophrenia
Morris, R. W. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-812098-9.00017-6 · Cited by 4
Pavlovian Conditioning and Extinction Methods for Studying the Neurobiology of Fear Learning in PTSD
Miller, D. B., Rassaby, M. M., Wen, Z., & Milad, M. R. (2023) · Neuromethods · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-3218-5_5 · Cited by 3
Haan, N., Westacott, L. J., Carter, J., Owen, M. J., Gray, W. P., Hall, J., & Wilkinson, L. S. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/417832 · Cited by 2
Comparing Cognitive Aspects of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Trauma
Flaks, M. K., Zuccolo, P. F., & Neto, F. L. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08359-9_79 · Cited by 1
Diggs, H. A., Rabinovich, N. E., & Gilbert, D. G. (2022) · Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/hup.2853 · Cited by 1
“…responding to the CS+ relative to the CS−, which is usually a measure of autonomic arousal (e.g., skin conductance), behaviors thought to be associated with anxious responding (e.g., freezing, startle), or self‐reported contingency awareness to the CS (Cohen & Randall, 1984; Holt et al., 2009).”
BackgroundArmario, A., Nadal, R. A., Fuentes, S., Visa, J., Belda, X., Serrano, S., & Labad, J. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116219 · Cited by 1
“Thus, abnormal fear conditioning in schizophrenic patients has been reported (e.g., Jensen et al., 2008; Holt et al., 2009, 2012; Tuominen et al., 2021, 2022).”
Enhanced instructed fear learning in delusion-pronenessPreprint
Louzolo, A., Almeida, R., Guitart‐Masip, M., Björnsdotter, M., Ingvar, M., Olsson, A., & Petrović, P. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/264739 · Cited by 1
Williams, S. A., Gwilt, M., Hock, R. M., Taylor, C., Loayza, J., Stevenson, C. W., Cassaday, H. J., & Bast, T. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.06.02.446736 · Cited by 1
Comparing Cognitive Aspects of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Trauma
Flaks, M. K., Zuccolo, P. F., & Neto, F. L. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08613-2_79-1
“Although primitive, the reflex behaviors participate in virtually all behavioral processes, including the most complex as feelings and emotions, and seem to be altered in various types of psychopathology (Holt et al. 2009; Orr et al. 2000; Xue et al. 2012).”
BackgroundStress and Vivid MemoriesPreprint
Lowe, S. (2009) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2005099
Post traumatic stress disorder: Insights from cat hair and catfish
Nalloor, R. (2012)
Piantadosi, P. T. (2013) · cIRcle (University of British Columbia) · doi:10.14288/1.0074083
“Fear extinction is dependent on sub-regions of the PFC in both humans and rats (Delgado et al, 2008; Sotres-Bayon and Quirk, 2010), and has been shown to be disturbed in schizophrenia (Holt et al, 2009).”
Balu, D. T., & GOFF, D. C. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511980053.005
Sykes, L. (2016) · ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University)
Zimmerman, E. I. (2017) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)
Uliana, D. L. (2018) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.17.2018.tde-24072018-152954
Battaglia, S. (2020) · AMS Dottorato Institutional Doctoral Theses Repository (University of Bologna) · doi:10.6092/unibo/amsdottorato/9085
“Similar observations have been reported in schizophrenic patients, in which vmPFC has been found functional impaired (Holt et al 2009).”
ResultShireen, S. H. (2020) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
24 textes fondateurs de la psychiatrie
Masson, M. (2013) · Armand Colin eBooks · doi:10.3917/arco.asson.2013.01.0151
Epigenomic Imaging of Neuropsychiatric Diseases
Bahari‐Javan, S. (2013) · eDiss (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) · doi:10.53846/goediss-4280
Sheffield, J. M., Brinen, A. P., Feola, B., Heckers, S., & Corlett, P. R. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/2ab8m
Puberty, sex, and fear extinction retention: A neuroimaging study in youth
Bhargava, S., Zundel, C. G., Shampine, M. M., Ely, S. L., Carpenter, C., Losiowski, J., Chanamolu, S., Jande, J., Tamimi, R., Sharma, K., et al. (2025) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2025.101595 · Cited by 1
Porto, R. R., Kreilaus, F., Hannan, A. J., Chesworth, R., & Karl, T. (2025) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbaf161
Sex Dependent Effects of Minocycline on Contextual Fear MemoryPreprint
Lin, T. E., Hall, J., & Thomas, K. L. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.11.11.687783
Neurobehavioral changes in fear generalization in clinical high risk for psychosis
Clauss, J. A., Babadi, B., Tuominen, L. J., Deng, W., Leathem, L. D., & Holt, D. J. (2026) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.64898/2026.01.14.26344102
Yüksel, Ç., McCoy, E., Watford, L., Muranaka, M., Sen, M., Lax, H., Bobowski, L., Daffre, C., Bostian, C. M., Oliver, K. I., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.02.02.703359
Mazza, B., Vellucci, L., Ciccarelli, M., Iasevoli, F., Vitelli, R., Simone, G. D., Tomasetti, C., Fukutomi, M., Barone, A., & de Bartolomeis, A. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27135681
“FE is also relevant to psychosis [55]: schizophrenia is characterized by impaired emotional processing, exaggerated neural responses to stimuli of low objective salience, and elevated arousal [55].”
InfluentialA systematic review of spontaneous recovery in human fear conditioning
Anderson, J., Wang, Y., Clark, D. L., Lipp, O. V., Jarvis, M., & Ney, L. J. (2026) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2026.1820847
“Conversely, consistently high spontaneous recovery was observed in schizophrenic individuals (Holt et al., 2012; Holt et al., 2009).”
The Relationship Between Schizotypy and Latent Inhibition and Conditioned Inhibition
Myles, L., Cheke, L. G., & Garrison, J. (2026) · Schizophrenia Bulletin Open · doi:10.1093/schizbullopen/sgag031
“85 , 86 Implications This study highlights the potential utility of PL paradigms in circumventing confounds present in LI paradigms when evaluating the Salience Hypothesis.”
Metadata
- Authors
- Holt, D. J., Lebron-Milad, K., Milad, M. R., Rauch, S. L., Pitman, R. K., Orr, S. P., Cassidy, B. S., Walsh, J. P., & Goff, D. C.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- McLean Hospital (US)
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Holt, Daphne J.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-03
- Volume
- 65
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 455-463
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3740529
- OpenAlex
- W2076938137
- Cited by
- 170
- References
- 93
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 5.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (K23MH076054, K24MH002025)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- schizophrenia, memory extinction, fear conditioning, extinction learning, extinction recall, emotional memory, emotional learning, skin conductance response, delusions, contextual memory
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Conditioning, Psychological, Extinction, Psychological, Fear, Female, Galvanic Skin Response, Humans, Male, Memory, Schizophrenic Psychology, Case-Control Studies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
