Neonatal Intrahippocampal Immune Challenge Alters Dopamine Modulation of Prefrontal Cortical Interneurons in Adult Rats
Open accessAbstract
Background Among the diverse animal models proposed for schizophrenia, the neonatal ventral hippocampal lesion (NVHL) is one of the most widely used. However, its construct validity can be questioned because there is no evidence of a lesion present in schizophrenia. Other approaches that have tried to capture environmental influences on development include diverse models of maternal infection.Methods As the early postnatal days in rodents are equivalent to the third trimester of human pregnancy in terms of brain development, we decided to test whether a neonatal immune challenge with an injection of the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into the ventral hippocampus caused deficits in interneuron function similar to those reported for the NVHL.Results Neonatal LPS injection caused a persistent elevation in cytokines in several brain regions, deficits in prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response, and a loss of the periadolescent maturation in the response of prefrontal cortical fast-spiking interneurons to dopamine.Conclusions The same phenotypes elicited by a NVHL can be obtained with an intrahippocampal immune challenge, suggesting that perinatal environmental factors can affect adult prefrontal interneuron maturation during adolescence.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Injection of the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide in the ventral hippocampus of rat pups causes electrophysiological deficits in PV interneurons in the adult PFC, characterized by loss of their activation by DA D2 receptors.
“Injection of the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide in the ventral hippocampus of rat pups causes electrophysiological deficits in PV interneurons in the adult PFC, characterized by loss of their activation by DA D 2 receptors, 57”
From Adolescent Onset of Cortical Disinhibition in Schizophrenia: Insights From Animal Models (2011) · cites this paper as [57]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations
Spear, L. P. (2000) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(00)00014-2 · Cited by 5,433 · see citing works
Cytokines and the nervous system II: actions and mechanisms of action
Rothwell, N. J., & Hopkins, S. J. (1995) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/0166-2236(95)93890-a · Cited by 922 · see citing works
Receptors, Mediators, and Mechanisms Involved in Bacterial Sepsis and Septic Shock
van Amersfoort, E. S., van Berkel, T. J. C., & Kuiper, J. (2003) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.16.3.379-414.2003 · Cited by 750 · see citing works
Lipska, B. K., Jaskiw, G. E., & Weinberger, D. R. (1993) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.1993.44 · Cited by 697 · see citing works
Zuckerman, L., Rehavi, M., Nachman, R., & Weiner, I. (2003) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300248 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
Ozawa, K., Hashimoto, K., Kishimoto, T., Shimizu, E., Ishikura, H., & Iyo, M. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.07.031 · Cited by 467 · see citing works
Tseng, K. Y., & O'Donnell, P. (2004) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1021-04.2004 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Self-citationLipska, B. K., Weinberger, D. R., Swerdlow, N. R., Geyer, M. A., BRAFF, D. L., & Jaskiw, G. E. (1995) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf02246439 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Dopamine Modulation of Prefrontal Cortical Interneurons Changes during Adolescence
Tseng, K.-Y., & O'Donnell, P. (2006) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhl034 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Self-citationThe neonatal ventral hippocampal lesion as a heuristic neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia
Tseng, K. Y., Chambers, R. A., & Lipska, B. K. (2008) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2008.11.039 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Self-citationLevitt, P. R., Eagleson, K. L., & Powell, E. M. (2004) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2004.05.008 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Borrell, J. I. (2002) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(01)00360-8 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Wang, J.-F. (2001) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/11.5.452 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Fatemi, S. H., Emamian, E. S., Kist, D. A., Sidwell, R. W., Nakajima, K., Akhter, P., Shier, A. C., Sheikh, S. A., & Bailey, K. W. (1999) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4000520 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Interleukin-6 Mediates the Increase in NADPH-Oxidase in the Ketamine Model of Schizophrenia
Behrens, M. M., Ali, S. S., & Dugan, L. L. (2008) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4457-08.2008 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Gilmore, J. H., Jarskog, L. F., & Vadlamudi, S. (2005) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.10.008 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
O'Donnell, P. (2002) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/12.9.975 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Self-citationSchulte‐Herbrüggen, O., Nassenstein, C., Lommatzsch, M., Quarcoo, D., Renz, H. E., & Braun, A. C. (2004) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.10.026 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Impaired prefrontal inhibition in schizophrenia: relevance for cognitive dysfunction
Volk, D. W., & Lewis, D. A. (2002) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(02)00936-8 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Tseng, K. Y., Lewis, B. L., Hashimoto, T., Sesack, S. R., Kloc, M., Lewis, D. A., & O'Donnell, P. (2008) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4166-08.2008 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Self-citationTseng, K.-Y., Lewis, B. L., Lipska, B. K., & O’Donnell, P. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.10.012 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of Reversible Inactivation of the Neonatal Ventral Hippocampus on Behavior in the Adult Rat
Lipska, B. K., Halim, N. D., Segal, P. N., & Weinberger, D. R. (2002) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.22-07-02835.2002 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Maldonado-Avilés, J. G., Curley, A. A., Hashimoto, T., Morrow, A. L., Ramsey, A. J., O’Donnell, P., Volk, D. W., & Lewis, D. A. (2009) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08101484 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citationRubin, S. A., Sylves, P., Vogel, M. W., Pletnikov, M., Moran, T. H., Schwartz, G. J., & Carbone, K. M. (1999) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(98)00133-6 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Jenkins, T. A., Harte, M. K., Stenson, G., & Reynolds, G. P. (2009) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2009.07.014 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Walker, L. G., Wesnes, K. A., Keys, S., Walker, M. B., Lolley, J., & Eremin, O. (1996) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/s0959-8049(96)00300-0 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Boje, K. M. K., Jaworowicz, D. J., & Raybon, J. J. (2003) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.102.041533 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Viral infection of developing GABAergic neurons in a model of hippocampal disinhibition
Pearce, B. D., Valadi, N. M., Po, C. L., & Miller, A. H. (2000) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200008030-00019 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Increased soluble interleukin 2 receptor levels in schizophrenia
Gaughran, F., O'Neill, E., Cole, M., Collins, K., Daly, R. J., & Shanahan, F. (1998) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(97)00099-6 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Increased Cortical Excitability as a Critical Element in Schizophrenia Pathophysiology
O’Donnell, P. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-74351-6_11 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationCortical deficits in schizophrenia : from genes to function
O’Donnell, P. (2008) · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-74351-6 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Prenatal stress: Role in psychotic and depressive diseases
Markham, J. A., & Koenig, J. I. (2010) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-010-2035-0 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Oskvig, D. B., Elkahloun, A. G., Johnson, K. R., Phillips, T. M., & Herkenham, M. (2012) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2012.01.015 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Gumusoglu, S. B., & Stevens, H. E. (2018) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.08.008 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Juvenile Antioxidant Treatment Prevents Adult Deficits in a Developmental Model of Schizophrenia
Cabungcal, J.-H., Counotte, D. S., Lewis, E. M., Tejeda, H. A., Piantadosi, P., Pollock, C., Calhoon, G. G., Sullivan, E. M., Presgraves, E., Kil, J., et al. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.07.028 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Self-citationAdolescent Onset of Cortical Disinhibition in Schizophrenia: Insights From Animal Models
O'Donnell, P. (2011) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbr028 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Self-citationBortolato, B., F. Carvalho, A., K. Soczynska, J., I. Perini, G., & S. McIntyre, R. (2015) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x13666150630171433 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Dinel, A., Joffre, C., Trifilieff, P., Aubert, A., Foury, A., Ruyet, P. L., & Layé, S. (2014) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-014-0155-x · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Treatment Prevents Delayed Effects of Early Life Stress in Rats
Brenhouse, H. C., & Andersen, S. L. (2011) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.05.006 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Adolescent Maturation of Cortical Dopamine
O’Donnell, P. (2010) · Neurotoxicity Research · doi:10.1007/s12640-010-9157-3 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationGarcia-Oscos, F., Salgado, H., Hall, S., Thomas, F., Farmer, G. E., Bermeo, J., Galindo, L. C., Ramirez, R. D., D'Mello, S., Rose-John, S., et al. (2012) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.11.018 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
van Vuren, E. J., Steyn, S. F., Brink, C. B., Möller, M., Viljoen, F. P., & Harvey, B. H. (2021) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111200 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Advantages and Limitations of Animal Schizophrenia Models
Białoń, M., & Wąsik, A. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23115968 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Molecular substrates of schizophrenia: homeostatic signaling to connectivity
Landek‐Salgado, M. A., Faust, T. E., & Sawa, A. (2015) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2015.141 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Zhu, F., Zheng, Y., Ding, Y., Liu, Y. H., Zhang, X., Wu, R., Guo, X., & Zhao, J. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0093966 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Custódio, C. S., Mello, B. S. F., Filho, A. J. M. C., Lima, C. N. D. C., Cordeiro, R. C., Miyajima, F., Réus, G. Z., Vasconcelos, S. M. M., Barichello, T., Quevedo, J., et al. (2017) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-017-0616-1 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Stolp, H. B., Neuhaus, A. A., Sundramoorthi, R., & Molnár, Z. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00050 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Aguilar-Valles, A., Flores, C., & Luheshi, G. N. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010967 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Fan, L., Tien, L., Zheng, B., Pang, Y., Lin, R. C. S., Simpson, K. L., Ma, T., Rhodes, P. G., & Cai, Z. (2010) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2010.09.020 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Inhibitory Interneurons, Oxidative Stress, and Schizophrenia
Sullivan, E. M., & O'Donnell, P. (2012) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbs052 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationMöller, M., Swanepoel, T., & Harvey, B. H. (2015) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/cn5003368 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Mansur, R. B., Zugman, A., Asevedo, E. D. M., da Cunha, G. R., Bressan, R. A., & Brietzke, E. M. (2012) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2012.02354.x · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Zhu, F., Zhang, L., Ding, Y., Zhao, J., & Zheng, Y. (2014) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2014.01.017 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
O’Donnell, P. (2011) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.07.005 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationCortical interneurons, immune factors and oxidative stress as early targets for schizophrenia
O’Donnell, P. (2012) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08130.x · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationFan, L., Tien, L., Lin, R. C. S., Simpson, K. L., Rhodes, P. G., & Cai, Z. (2011) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2011.07.011 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Garcia-Oscos, F., Peña, D., Housini, M., Cheng, D., Lopez, D., Borland, M. S., Salgado-Delgado, R., Salgado, H., D’Mello, S., Kilgard, M. P., et al. (2015) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2014.07.020 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Cai, Z., Fan, L., Kaizaki, A., Tien, L., Ma, T., Pang, Y., Lin, S., Lin, R. C. S., & Simpson, K. L. (2013) · Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1159/000346156 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Babri, S., Doosti, M.-H., & Salari, A. (2014) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2013.12.037 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Fitzgerald, M. L., Mackie, K., & Pickel, V. M. (2013) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.01.021 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Electrophysiological Endophenotypes in Rodent Models of Schizophrenia and Psychosis
Rosen, A. M., Spellman, T., & Gordon, J. A. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.03.021 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
The role of suboptimal mitochondrial function in vulnerability to post‐traumatic stress disorder
Preston, G., Kirdar, F., & Kozicz, T. (2018) · Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease · doi:10.1007/s10545-018-0168-1 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Hegde, S., Ji, H., Oliver, D., Patel, N. S., Poupore, N. S., Shtutman, M. S., & Kelly, M. P. (2016) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.08.019 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Pang, Y., Tien, L., Zhu, H., Shen, J.-Y., Wright, C., Jones, T., Mamoon, S., Bhatt, A., Cai, Z., & Fan, L. (2015) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms16048635 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Kubesova, A., Tejkalová, H., Syslová, K., Kačer, P., Vondroušová, J., Tylš, F., Fujáková, M., Páleníček, T., & Horáček, J. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0115439 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Atzori, M., García‐Oscos, F., & Méndez, J. A. T. (2012) · Future Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.4155/fmc.12.156 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Naert, A., Gantois, I., Laeremans, A., Vreysen, S., den Bergh, G. V., Arckens, L., Callaerts‐Vegh, Z., & D’Hooge, R. (2013) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.01.008 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Brain in flames – animal models of psychosis: utility and limitations
Wolf, S. A., Mattei, D., & Schweibold, R. (2015) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s65564 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Tien, L., Kaizaki, A., Pang, Y., Cai, Z., Bhatt, A., & Fan, L. (2013) · Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.tox.2013.03.014 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Archer, T., Kostrzewa, R. M., Beninger, R. J., & Palomo, T. (2010) · Neurotoxicity Research · doi:10.1007/s12640-010-9162-6 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Shelton, H. W., Gabbita, S. P., Gill, W. D., Burgess, K. C., Whicker, W. S., & Brown, R. W. (2021) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113229 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
RETRACTED: Exploring the role of biologics in depression
Rani, T., Behl, T., Sharma, N., Makeen, H. A., Albratty, M., Alhazmi, H. A., Meraya, A. M., Bhatia, S., & BUNGAU, S. G. (2022) · Cellular Signalling · doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110409 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
RetractedMcCunn, P., Chen, X., Gimi, B., Green, A. I., & Khokhar, J. Y. (2022) · Schizophrenia · doi:10.1038/s41537-022-00272-6 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Abbs, B., Achalia, R. M., Adelufosi, A. O., Aktener, A. Y., Beveridge, N. J., Bhakta, S. G., Blackman, R. K., Bora, E., Byun, M. S., Cabanis, M., et al. (2012) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.07.024 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Tien, L., Cai, Z., Rhodes, P. G., & Fan, L. (2011) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2011.05.038 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Adolescent Maturation of Cortical Dopamine
O’Donnell, P. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-0785-0_11 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationZubareva, O. E., & Клименко, В. М. (2013) · Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology · doi:10.1007/s11055-013-9767-3 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Baharnoori, M., Bartholomeusz, C., Boucher, A. A., Buchy, L., Chaddock, C., Chiliza, B., Föcking, M., Fornito, A., Gallego, J. A., Hori, H., et al. (2010) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.09.008 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
New Aspects of Immunoregulation by Growth and Lactogenic Hormones
Berczi, I., Quintanar‐Stephano, A., Campos, R., & Kovács, K. (2014) · Advances in Neuroimmune Biology · doi:10.3233/nib-140086 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ratnayake, U., Basrai, H. S., Turnley, A. M., & van den Buuse, M. (2014) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.09.009 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Protective Effect of Minocycline Against Bacterial Infection-Induced Sickness Behavior in Rats
Soliman, M. G., Hanaa-Mansour, A., Hasan, W. A., & Hassaan, N. A. (2015) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Simpson, K. L., Pang, Y., & Lin, R. C. S. (2015) · Neuromethods · doi:10.1007/7657_2015_80
Multifactorial Regulation of GLH Hormones
Berczi, I., & Quintanar‐Stephano, A. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801770-8.00003-3
Interleukin-1 and cognitive brain functions
Zubareva, O. E., & Клименко, В. М. (2010) · Medical academic journal · doi:10.17816/maj10430-44
Prenatal inflammation and neurodevelopmental disorders: The role of cytokines
Aguilar‐Valles, A. (2011)
Adolescent Maturation of Cortical Dopamine
O’Donnell, P. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-7264-3_13
Self-citationBouamrane, L. (2015) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/00597159za953z4221z95b8z57a6c1d48c8e
- Authors
- Feleder, C., Tseng, K. Y., Calhoon, G. G., & O'Donnell, P.
- Affiliations
- Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences (US)
- Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science (US)
- University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-02
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 386-392
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2900781
- OpenAlex
- W2032516641
- Cited by
- 57
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 2.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (MH57683)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- lipopolysaccharide, ventral hippocampus, dopaminergic modulation, fast-spiking interneurons, prepulse inhibition, acoustic startle response, cytokines, animal models of schizophrenia, interneuron maturation, adolescence
- MeSH terms
- Acoustic Stimulation, Action Potentials, Animals, Animals, Newborn, Dopamine, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Hippocampus, Interneurons, Lipopolysaccharides, Neural Inhibition, Reflex, Startle, Cytokines, Prefrontal Cortex, Patch-Clamp Techniques, Dopamine Agonists, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Quinpirole, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
