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Delayed Circadian Rhythm in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Chronic Sleep-Onset Insomnia
Open accessAbstract
Background Previous studies suggest circadian rhythm disturbances in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and sleep-onset insomnia (SOI). We investigate here sleep and rhythms in activity and melatonin in adults with ADHD.Methods Sleep logs and actigraphy data were collected during 1 week in 40 adults with ADHD, of whom 31 reported SOI. Salivary melatonin levels were assessed during 1 night. Sleep measures, circadian activity variables, and dim light melatonin onset were compared between groups of ADHD adults with and without SOI and with matched healthy control subjects.Results Compared with control subjects, both groups of ADHD adults had longer sleep-onset latency and lower sleep efficiency. Adults with ADHD and SOI showed a delayed start and end of their sleep period and a delayed melatonin onset compared with adults with ADHD without SOI (p = .006; p = .023; p = .02) and compared with healthy control subjects (p = .014; p = .019; p = .000). Adults with ADHD and SOI also showed an attenuated 24-hour amplitude in their rest-activity pattern, in contrast to those without SOI, who showed a higher day-to-day stability.Conclusions These findings demonstrate diurnal rhythm deviations during everyday life in the majority of adults with ADHD that have SOI and suggest that potential benefits of rhythm-improving measures should be evaluated.
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“Van Veen et al. (2010) report that in 40 adults with ADHD that there was a delay of the diurnal cycle of activity/wake and a delayed DLMO.”
From A systematic review of circadian function, chronotype and chronotherapy in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Van Veen et al. (2010)
In the citing paper
“Van Veen et al. (2010) report that in 40 adults with ADHD that there was a delay of the diurnal cycle of activity/wake and a delayed DLMO.”
From A systematic review of circadian function, chronotype and chronotherapy in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Van Veen et al. (2010)
In the citing paper
“With regards to melatonin, as noted above a number of studies have reported delayed DLMO in adults and children with ADHD (van der Heijden et al. 2005, 2006; Van Veen et al. 2010; Bijlenga et al. 2013a).”
From A systematic review of circadian function, chronotype and chronotherapy in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Van Veen et al. 2010
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Self-citationOrganic Temperature-Sensitive Polyelectrolyte for Core Body Temperature Measurement
Costanza, V., Zhukov, D. V., Knecht, J., Higdon, N. J., Wang, L., Menon, N., & Daraio, C. (2025) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2025.3609653
“…scenarios CBT has been linked to general wellbeing as it can be used to quantify calories burned over time [10], [11], onset of ovulation cycles [12], the circadian cycle and sleep quality [13], [14], mental health [15], and degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s [16], [17].”
Insomnia and psychiatric disorders
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The effects of the noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor atomoxetine on circadian rhythms in mice.
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Beyond the label: identifying modifiable predictors of ADHD-like adaptation in young adults
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The Prevalence of Self-reported ADHD among University Students in JordanPreprint
Al‐omoush, O., Farah, S. M., Ihsan, M., Al-Safadi, R., Aldaoud, Y., Alali, L., Ahmed, L. M., Al-Hijazin, A., Shahatit, S., Al-Shenag, H., et al. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.05.29.26354419
Behavioral Sleep Interventions for Neurodivergent Youth: A Narrative Review
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Salivary biomarkers in sleep‐related disorders
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“85,86 Continuous evaluation of salivary melatonin phase shifts and amplitude changes provides additional insight into circadian dynamics.”
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“Adults with ADHD tend to report later bedtimes and wake times, and actigraphy-and melatonin-based studies suggest that these patterns may reflect delayed circadian timing in at least a subgroup of patients (Snitselaar et al., 2017; Van Veen et al., 2010).”
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“Longer sleep onset latency was found in adult ADHD patients compared with controls in three actigraphic studies (Baird et al., 2011; Boonstra et al., 2007; Van Veen et al., 2010), which recorded data over 1 week.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Van Veen, M. M., Kooij, J. J. S., Boonstra, A. M., Gordijn, M. C. M., & Van Someren, E. J. W.
- Affiliations
- PsyQ (NL)
- University of Groningen (NL)
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-06
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1091-1096
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2105759166
- Cited by
- 300
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 22.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- research.rug.nl
- Licence
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
- KNAW Research Portal (The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- VU Research Portal (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Janssen Cilag BV
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, sleep onset insomnia, circadian rhythm, melatonin onset, sleep latency, sleep efficiency, rest-activity rhythm, actigraphy, salivary melatonin, adult ADHD
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Circadian Rhythm, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Melatonin, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Saliva, Sleep, Chi-Square Distribution, Actigraphy
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