Epidemiology of the human circadian clock
Open accessAbstract
Humans show large inter-individual differences in organising their behaviour within the 24-h day-this is most obvious in their preferred timing of sleep and wakefulness. Sleep and wake times show a near-Gaussian distribution in a given population, with extreme early types waking up when extreme late types fall asleep. This distribution is predominantly based on differences in an individuals' circadian clock. The relationship between the circadian system and different "chronotypes" is formally and genetically well established in experimental studies in organisms ranging from unicells to mammals. To investigate the epidemiology of the human circadian clock, we developed a simple questionnaire (Munich ChronoType Questionnaire, MCTQ) to assess chronotype. So far, more than 55,000 people have completed the MCTQ, which has been validated with respect to the Horne-Østberg morningness-eveningness questionnaire (MEQ), objective measures of activity and rest (sleep-logs and actimetry), and physiological parameters. As a result of this large survey, we established an algorithm which optimises chronotype assessment by incorporating the information on timing of sleep and wakefulness for both work and free days. The timing and duration of sleep are generally independent. However, when the two are analysed separately for work and free days, sleep duration strongly depends on chronotype. In addition, chronotype is both age- and sex-dependent.
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The sleep duration variable did not distinguish between work days and free days.
“These data should also be interpreted with consideration of the fact that the sleep duration variable did not distinguish between work days and free days [13] and that portion size for fruit and vegetable intake used UK (not USA) guidelines.”
From Smoking, screen-based sedentary behavior, and diet associated with habitual sleep duration and chronotype: data from the UK Biobank (2016) · cites this paper as [13]
Other genes, like Bmal1 and Per1/2 and Cry1/2, were found to form an important transcriptional-translational feedback loop in the circadian system.
“Other genes, like Bmal1 and Per1/2 and Cry1/2 were found to form an important transcriptional-translational feedback loop in the circadian system (6,52) .”
From Meal irregularity and cardiometabolic consequences: results from observational and intervention studies (2016) · cites this paper as [52]
The sample consisted of healthy, non-smoking, right-handed adults without diagnosed sleep or memory disorders, CNS-affecting medication, or recent shift work/jet lag, with a regular 7-9 h sleep rhythm.
“All participants were non-smokers, right-handed (as assessed by the Edinburgh Handedness Scale64), and had no diagnosed sleep- or memory-disorders.”
From Random auditory stimulation during sleep disturbs traveling slow waves and declarative memory (2026) · cites this paper as [65]
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- Authors
- Roenneberg, T., Kuehnle, T., Juda, M., Kantermann, T., Allebrandt, K., Gordijn, M., & Merrow, M.
- Affiliations
- Institut für Medizinische Psychologie (DE)
- University of Groningen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Roenneberg, Till
- Venue
- Sleep Medicine Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-12
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 429-438
- ISSN
- 1087-0792 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2171931117
- Cited by
- 1,545
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 101 · 2025: 116 · 2024: 110 · 2023: 116 · 2022: 112 · 2021: 125 · 2020: 116 · 2019: 117 · 2018: 95 · 2017: 93 · 2016: 73 · 2015: 80 · 2014: 63 · 2013: 68 · 2012: 54
- FWCI
- 1.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Sleep Medicine Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- circadian clock, chronotype, Munich Chronotype Questionnaire, sleep timing, sleep duration, actigraphy, questionnaire validation, age and sex differences, interindividual variability
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Algorithms, Biological Clocks, Child, Circadian Rhythm, Female, Humans, Male, Population Surveillance, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reference Values, Sex Factors, Sleep, Wakefulness, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution, Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm
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