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Cited by 208Circadian rhythm and melatoninAttention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderSleep and related disorders

A systematic review of circadian function, chronotype and chronotherapy in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Coogan, Andrew N., McGowan, Niall M.·2017·ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders
DOI 10.1007/s12402-016-0214-5
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Abstract

Reports of sleep disturbances in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are common in both children and adults; however, the aetiology of such disturbances is poorly understood. One potentially important mechanism which may be implicated in disrupted sleep in ADHD is the circadian clock, a known key regulator of the sleep/wake cycle. In this systematic review, we analyse the evidence for circadian rhythm changes associated with ADHD, as well as assessing evidence for therapeutic approaches involving the circadian clock in ADHD. We identify 62 relevant studies involving a total of 4462 ADHD patients. We find consistent evidence indicating that ADHD is associated with more eveningness/later chronotype and with phase delay of circadian phase markers such as dim light melatonin onset and delayed sleep onset. We find that there is evidence that melatonin treatment may be efficacious in addressing ADHD-related sleep problems, although there are few studies to date addressing other chronotherapeutic approaches in ADHD. There are only a small number of genetic association studies which report linkages between polymorphisms in circadian clock genes and ADHD symptoms. In conclusion, we find that there is consistent evidence for circadian rhythm disruption in ADHD and that such disruption may present a therapeutic target that future ADHD research might concentrate explicitly on.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This systematic review of 62 studies involving 4,462 ADHD patients finds consistent evidence that ADHD is associated with later chronotype/eveningness and phase delays in circadian markers such as dim light melatonin onset and sleep onset. Melatonin may improve ADHD-related sleep problems, but evidence for other chronotherapies and for clock-gene associations remains limited.

Key findings

  • Across 9 chronotype/diurnal-preference studies, ADHD was consistently associated with later chronotype/evening preference; examples include later mid-sleep on free days in 202 adults with ADHD (Bijlenga et al. 2013b), more extreme evening typology in 543 adults (Kooij and Bijlenga 2014), and social jetlag—rather than chronotype—predicting ADHD symptoms and impulsivity in 396 adults (McGowan et al. 2016).
  • Circadian phase delay was repeatedly reported: 87 of 110 children with ADHD had sleep-onset insomnia and showed delayed DLMO compared with ADHD without SOI (van der Heijden et al. 2005); 31 of 40 adults with ADHD reported SOI with delayed DLMO and attenuated activity-rhythm amplitude (Van Veen et al. 2010); and rest/activity delay correlated with ADHD symptom severity in 24 adults (Gamble et al. 2013).
  • Melatonin studies showed sleep benefits but not consistent ADHD-symptom benefits: melatonin reduced sleep latency in 24 children and was sustained at 3 months (Tjon Pian Gi et al. 2003); advanced sleep onset and DLMO in 105 children (van der Heijden et al. 2007); reduced insomnia in 27 children/adolescents, with the largest effect when combined with sleep hygiene (Weiss et al. 2006); and shortened sleep latency without changing ADHD ratings in 60 children (Mohammadi et al. 2012). Relapse of SOI occurred in 92% of 94 children after melatonin discontinuation (Hoebert et al. 2009).
  • Genetic/environmental evidence was limited: four studies implicated the CLOCK T3111C SNP, with one study of 316 children reporting the C allele associated with ADHD (odds ratio 1.7; Cao et al. 2012); a genome-wide study of 1,442 participants found only speculative, non-significant PER2 association (Brookes et al. 2006); and melatonin-pathway mutations in 101 adults with ADHD were not significantly enriched versus 220 controls (Chaste et al. 2011). Solar intensity was reported to predict 34–57% of variance in ADHD prevalence (Arns et al. 2013).

Methods

  • Systematic search of PubMed, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov in July and September 2016 using terms for circadian/chronotype/diurnal preference/biological rhythm/sleep/melatonin/light AND ADHD, with no publication-date or language restriction.
  • Included primary human studies that explicitly delineated ADHD populations and assessed circadian function, sleep timing, chronotype, clock genes, or chronotherapeutic interventions; excluded studies focused solely on sleep parameters without circadian/timing measures, reviews/meta-analyses, animal studies, and neurodevelopmental studies without explicit ADHD populations.
  • Narrative synthesis of 62 included studies (25 adult, 37 child/adolescent), organized into chronotype/diurnal preference, sleep-onset insomnia and delayed sleep phase disorder, functional circadian rhythms, chronotherapeutic interventions, and genetic/environmental associations.

Limitations

  • Stated by the authors: lack of prospective and longitudinal studies means causality between circadian dysfunction and ADHD cannot be inferred; evidence for clock-gene associations is not strong; there is little explicit analysis of ADHD medication effects on circadian function; and chronotherapy evidence beyond melatonin is weak, with only one small agomelatine trial and one light-therapy case report.
  • Stated by the authors: most melatonin studies used melatonin as a somnolent rather than as a chronobiotic, and well-designed, sufficiently powered RCTs are needed.
  • Evident from the text: many included studies were small, heterogeneous in design and circadian measures, and some were case reports or single cases; cortisol and melatonin findings were mixed across studies, and the review is a narrative synthesis rather than a meta-analysis.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s12402-016-0214-5

Cites

111 of 111 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 102 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data
    § A systematic review of circadian function, chronotype and chronotherapy in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder · p. 1

    ADHD is associated with phase delay of circadian phase markers such as dim light melatonin onset and delayed sleep onset.

    “and with phase delay of circadian phase markers such as dim light melatonin onset and delayed sleep onset.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingnone given
    § A systematic review of circadian function, chronotype and chronotherapy in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder · p. 1

    There are few studies to date addressing other chronotherapeutic approaches in ADHD.

    “although there are few studies to date addressing other chronotherapeutic approaches in ADHD.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § A systematic review of circadian function, chronotype and chronotherapy in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder · p. 1

    Melatonin treatment may be efficacious in addressing ADHD-related sleep problems.

    “We find that there is evidence that melatonin treatment may be efficacious in addressing ADHD-related sleep problems”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingreasoning
    § Chronotype and diurnal preference in ADHD · p. 3

    In studies of ADHD adult patients, there is remarkable agreement of later chronotype/increased eveningness in ADHD groups compared to controls.

    “In studies of ADHD adult patients, there is a remarkable agreement of findings of later chronotype/increased eveningness in ADHD groups compared to controls.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § Sleep-onset insomnia and delayed sleep phase disorder in ADHD · p. 4

    Sixteen studies examining DSPD or SOI in ADHD were included.

    “Sixteen studies were included in this review examining either DSPD or SOI in ADHD (Table 2).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 12
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 23
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § A systematic review of circadian function, chronotype and chronotherapy in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder · p. 1

    ADHD is associated with more eveningness/later chronotype and with ADHD symptoms.

    “We find consistent evidence indicating that ADHD is associated with more eveningness/later chronotype”
    • Also stated in: § Chronotype and diurnal preference in ADHD · p. 3 · boosted
      “The strongest and most consistent finding in the analysed literature is for association of later chronotype/evening preference with ADHD and ADHD symptoms.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingown data
    § Chronotype and diurnal preference in ADHD · p. 3

    Nine papers examining chronotype/diurnal preference were reviewed.

    “In total, 9 papers examining chronotype/diurnal preference were reviewed (Table 1).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given
    § Functional assessment of circadian rhythms in ADHD · p. 10

    Evening types made less errors on TOVA.

    “evening types made less errors on TOVa”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Findingnone given
    § Functional assessment of circadian rhythms in ADHD · p. 10

    There are no differences in diurnal rhythm between ADHD and control groups.

    “No differences in diurnal rhythm or levels of cortisol secretion between ADHD and control | groups”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation
    § Intervention studies · p. 11

    Melatonin usage was higher in boys than girls.

    “melatonin usage was higher in boys than girls”
    • Also stated in: § Intervention studies · p. 12 · plain
      “Melatonin use is more prevalent in boys than girls”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Furster and Hallerba ¨ck 2015 source

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    Findingcitation
    § Intervention studies · p. 11

    Melatonin co-administered with methylphenidate had no effect on food intake or appetite.

    “with no effect reported on food intake or appetite.”
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    • cites Mostafavi et al. (2012)

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    Findingcitation
    § Intervention studies · p. 11

    Melatonin discontinuation was associated with relapse of sleep-onset insomnia in 92% of cases in children with ADHD and sleep-onset insomnia.

    “melatonin discontinuation was associated with relapse of sleep-onset insomnia in 92% of cases.”
    • Also stated in: § Intervention studies · p. 12 · plain
      “Relapse of SOI occurs when treatment temporarily discontinued in 92% of”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hoebert et al. (2009) source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § Genetic and environmental association studies · p. 13

    Polymorphisms in PER2 may be associated with ADHD in children, but the association was not significant at study-wide or genome-wide level.

    “Brookes et al. (2006) in a genome-wide study provide speculative evidence that polymorphisms in PER 2 may be associated with ADHD in children, but the association was not significant at the study-wide or genome-wide level”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Brookes et al. (2006) source

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    Findingcitation
    § Genetic and environmental association studies · p. 13

    The T3111C SNP in CLOCK is associated with ADHD in children, with the C allele conferring risk.

    “Cao et al. (2012) also find that the T3111C SNP in CLOCK is associated with ADHD in children, although contrary to previous finings the authors found in their study that the C allele confers risk.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cao et al. (2012)

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    Findingcitation
    § Intervention studies · p. 13

    Morning bright light therapy in a child with ADHD resulted in improvements in ADHD ratings and amelioration of delayed phase sleep disorder.

    “Gruber et al. (2007) report a single case for the use of morning bright light therapy in a child with ADHD with resulting improvements in ADHD ratings and amelioration of delayed phase sleep disorder.”
    • Also stated in: § Intervention studies · p. 12 · plain
      “Improvement in sustained attention and teacher rated ADHD score, amelioration of delayed phase sleep disorder following light therapy”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Gruber et al. (2007) source

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    Findingreasoning
    § Conclusions · p. 15

    ADHD is linked to sleep-onset insomnia and delayed sleep phase disorder.

    “the observed link between ADHD and sleep-onset insomnia and delayed sleep phase disorder.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Conclusions · p. 15

    The current evidence base for chronotherapeutic approaches in ADHD is weak, with only one small trial of agomelatine and one case report for light therapy.

    “However, the current evidence base for such approaches in ADHD is disappointingly weak, with only one small trial of agomelatine and one case report for light therapy assessed in the course of this review.”
    • Also stated in: § Conclusions · p. 15 · plain
      “but also highlights the weakness of the literature surrounding chronotherapeutic interventions in ADHD”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § Introduction · p. 2

    Chronic insomnia has been reported in 27% of adults with ADHD.

    “For example, chronic insomnia has been reported in 27% of adults with ADHD (Schredl et al. 2007).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Schredl et al. 2007 source

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    Premisecitation
    § Introduction · p. 2

    The circadian component of sleep/wake regulation is determined by an endogenous circadian timekeeping mechanism.

    “The circadian component of this process is now known to be determined by an endogenous circadian timekeeping mechanism which manifests itself in a host of rhythms in behavioural, physiological and biochemical rhythmic outputs recurring with periods of approximately 24 h (Buttgereit et al. 2015).”
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    • cites Buttgereit et al. 2015

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    Premisecitation
    § Sleep-onset insomnia and delayed sleep phase disorder in ADHD · p. 4

    Methylphenidate treatment in children with ADHD is associated with a phase delay of the sleep/wake cycle and increased motor activity during sleep latency.

    “methylphenidate treatment of 16 children with ADHD was associated with a phase delay of the sleep/wake cycle and that methylphenidate treatment was associated with an increase in motor activity during the sleep latency period.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ironside et al. (2010) source

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    Premisecitation
    § Sleep-onset insomnia and delayed sleep phase disorder in ADHD · p. 4

    DSPD is believed to be driven by circadian factors.

    “Delayed sleep phase disorder (DSPD) is believed to be driven by circadian factors (Micic et al. 2016).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Micic et al. 2016 source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § A systematic review of circadian function, chronotype and chronotherapy in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder · p. 1

    Circadian rhythm disruption in ADHD may present a therapeutic target that future ADHD research might concentrate explicitly on.

    “and that such disruption may present a therapeutic target that future ADHD research might concentrate explicitly on.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § Chronotype and diurnal preference in ADHD · p. 4

    Social jetlag, rather than chronotype, is a predictor of ADHD symptoms and impulsivity in adults.

    “social jetlag, rather than chronotype, is a predictor of ADHD symptoms and impulsivity”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites McGowan et al. (2016) source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Chronotype and diurnal preference in ADHD · p. 3

    ADHD is associated with later chronotype and more prevalent DSPD and unstable timing of meals in adults.

    “ADHD was associated with later chronotype and with more prevalent delayed sleep phase disorder and unstable timing of meals in 202 adults with ADHD.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Vogel et al. (2015) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Chronotype and diurnal preference in ADHD · p. 4

    Evening preference is associated with likely-ADHD status and inattentive symptoms in adults.

    “evening preference is associated with likely-ADHD status and inattentive symptoms.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Voinescu et al. (2012) source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given
    § Measures of circadian rhythmicity · p. 3

    The MEQ, CSM and MCTQ are well validated and have been deployed in numerous studies.

    “The MEQ, CSM and MCTQ are well validated and have been deployed in numerous studies interrogating the epidemiology of circadian rhythmicity in humans.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Chronotype and diurnal preference in ADHD · p. 3

    Increased eveningness is associated with increased ADHD symptoms and poorer sustained attention in adults with ADHD.

    “report increased eveningness associated with increased ADHD symptoms and poorer sustained attention on a continuous performance task in 29 adults with ADHD.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Rybak et al. (2007) source

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    Premisecitation
    § Functional assessment of circadian rhythms in ADHD · p. 8

    In children with ADHD, there is no subtype difference between inattentive and combined types.

    “In a case-control study of 42 children with ADHD, Dane et al. (2000) report that actigraphy indicates greater afternoon, but not morning, activity in ADHD and that there is no subtype difference between inattentive and combined types.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Dane et al. (2000) source

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    Premisecitation
    § Functional assessment of circadian rhythms in ADHD · p. 8

    In 226 children with ADHD, treatment with methylphenidate ablates morning/evening differences in melatonin levels.

    “Molina-Carballo et al. (2013) report that in 226 children with ADHD treatment with methylphenidate ablates morning/evening differences in melatonin levels, possibly through raising morning levels of melatonin.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Molina-Carballo et al. (2013) source

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    Premisecitation
    § Functional assessment of circadian rhythms in ADHD · p. 8

    In adults with ADHD, there is a blunted melatonin rhythm.

    “In their study, Baird et al. (2012) noted a blunted melatonin rhythm in adults with ADHD, but also noted more nocturnal light exposure in the ADHD group which may have contributed to acute suppression of melatonin secretion.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Baird et al. (2012) source

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    Premisecitation
    § Functional assessment of circadian rhythms in ADHD · p. 8

    ADHD score correlation with melatonin levels was dependent on symptoms of conduct disorder.

    “Paclt et al. (2011) report that ADHD score correlation with melatonin levels was dependent on symptoms of conduct disorder.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Paclt et al. (2011)

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    Premisecitation
    § Functional assessment of circadian rhythms in ADHD · p. 8

    In older children with ADHD, melatonin secretion profiles are narrower than in controls.

    “In a case-control study of 34 children with ADHD, (Nova ´kova ´ et al. 2011) note that ADHD is not associated with alterations of the 24 h melatonin profile in the overall sample, although older children with ADHD showed narrower melatonin secretion profiles than controls.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Nováková et al. 2011 source

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    Premisecitation
    § Functional assessment of circadian rhythms in ADHD · p. 8

    Methylphenidate treatment is associated with a lower level of the melatonin metabolite 6-sulfatoxymelatonin.

    “These authors also report that methylphenidate treatment was associated with a lower level of the melatonin metabolite 6-sulfatoxymelatonin.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cubero-Millán et al. 2014 source

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    Premisecitation
    § Functional assessment of circadian rhythms in ADHD · p. 8

    In 34 children with ADHD, ADHD is not associated with alterations of the 24 h melatonin profile in the overall sample.

    “In a case-control study of 34 children with ADHD, (Nova ´kova ´ et al. 2011) note that ADHD is not associated with alterations of the 24 h melatonin profile in the overall sample, although older children with ADHD showed narrower melatonin secretion profiles than controls.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Nováková et al. 2011 source

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    Interpretationcitation
    § Genetic and environmental association studies · p. 14

    The relationship between altitude and ADHD prevalence may be mediated via solar intensity.

    “The previously described relationship between altitude and ADHD prevalence (Huber et al. 2015) may be mediated via solar intensity”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Arns et al. (2015)

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  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Conclusions · p. 15

    Circadian phase delay may be linked to the observed link between ADHD and sleep-onset insomnia and delayed sleep phase disorder.

    “This circadian phase delay may of course be linked to the observed link between ADHD and sleep-onset insomnia and delayed sleep phase disorder.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § Conclusions · p. 15

    In dementia, dampened circadian amplitude may be the major circadian change.

    “This again is in contrast with circadian changes associated with other conditions such as dementia, where dampened circadian amplitude may be the major change that occurs (Coogan et al. 2013a, b).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Coogan et al. 2013a, b

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    Premisecitation
    § Conclusions · p. 15

    Higher than expected levels of photophobia are associated with ADHD.

    “the observation by Kooij and Bijlenga (2014) of higher than expected levels of photophobia associated with ADHD”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kooij and Bijlenga (2014) source

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    Premisecitation
    § Conclusions · p. 15

    Recent RCT results of chronotherapy (e.g., light therapy in major depression) are promising.

    “recent results of chronotherapy from RCTs are providing promising results (e.g. light therapy in major depression; Lam et al. 2016).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lam et al. 2016 source

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    Premisecitation
    § Conclusions · p. 15

    The melanopsin photoreceptive system is associated with circadian entrainment and other non-visual responses to light including photophobia.

    “as this is associated with both circadian entrainment and other non-visual responses to light including photophobia (La Morgia et al. 2011)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites La Morgia et al. 2011 source

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35 of 35

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    To date there has been no systematic review of the relevant literature linking circadian rhythms and ADHD.

    “However, to date there has been no systematic review of the relevant literature linking circadian rhythms and ADHD, and it is to this gap that the present study addresses itself.”
1 of 1

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Abnormal melatonin rhythms, for example with phase delays and reduced amplitude, are reported in children with ADHD.

    “Abnormal melatonin rhythms (for example, with phase delays and reduced amplitude) are also reported in children with ADHD87.”

    From Rhythms of life: circadian disruption and brain disorders across the lifespan (2019) · cites this paper as [87]

  • Reductions in sleep quality, delays in circadian phase and evening preference are consistently reported in children and adults with ADHD and may be correlated with the severity of ADHD symptoms.

    “Reductions in sleep quality, delays in circadian phase and evening preference are consistently reported in children and adults with ADHD87 and may be correlated with the severity of ADHD symptoms88.”

    From Rhythms of life: circadian disruption and brain disorders across the lifespan (2019) · cites this paper as [87]

  • Advancing melatonin rhythms using bright light therapy improves ADHD symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity in adults independent of changes in sleep time, sleep efficiency, wake time or waking during sleeping.

    “Advancing melatonin rhythms using bright light therapy improves ADHD symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity in adults independent of changes in sleep time, sleep efficiency, wake time or waking during sleeping87,90.”

    From Rhythms of life: circadian disruption and brain disorders across the lifespan (2019) · cites this paper as [87]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Brookes study total does not match group counts

    Minor

    The listed ADHD and control groups sum to 1,482 participants, not the reported total of 1,442.

    Reported 1442 · recomputed 1482

  • Conclusion overlooks an adult light-therapy study

    Minor

    The conclusion says the review assessed only one case report for light therapy, but the paper also describes an adult light-therapy study involving 29 patients. This affects its characterization of the evidence for chronotherapeutic interventions.

  • Xu study population described as both adults and children

    Minor

    The discussion describes the Xu et al. study as involving adult ADHD, while Table 5 identifies its participants as children and adolescents aged 5-15 years.

3 of 3

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Coogan AN, Baird AL, Popa-Wagner A, Thome J (2016) Circadian rhythms and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: the what, the when and the why. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 67:74–81 · DOI

Cited by

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Related

Authors
Coogan, A. N., & McGowan, N. M.
Affiliations
National University of Ireland, Maynooth (IE)
Corresponding author
Coogan, Andrew N.
ORCID
Venue
ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2017-01-07
Volume
9
Issue
3
Pages
129-147
ISSN
  • 1866-6116 (ISSN-L)
  • 1866-6647
DOI
10.1007/s12402-016-0214-5
OpenAlex
W2569347217
Cited by
208
References
111
Citations by year
2026: 28 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 8
FWCI
1.99
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.springer.com/tdm (unspecified)
Locations
  • ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Maynooth University ePrints and eTheses Archive (Maynooth University) (acceptedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
Keywords
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, circadian rhythm, chronotype, chronotherapy, sleep disorders, melatonin treatment, dim light melatonin onset, circadian phase delay, clock genes, genetic polymorphism, sleep-wake cycle
MeSH terms
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Humans, Melatonin, Chronotherapy, Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm, Circadian Clocks

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