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Epigenetic Transmission of the Impact of Early Stress Across Generations
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Background Traumatic experiences in early life are risk factors for the development of behavioral and emotional disorders. Such disorders can persist through adulthood and have often been reported to be transmitted across generations.Methods To investigate the transgenerational effect of early stress, mice were exposed to chronic and unpredictable maternal separation from postnatal day 1 to 14.Results We show that chronic and unpredictable maternal separation induces depressive-like behaviors and alters the behavioral response to aversive environments in the separated animals when adult. Most of the behavioral alterations are further expressed by the offspring of males subjected to maternal separation, despite the fact that these males are reared normally. Chronic and unpredictable maternal separation also alters the profile of DNA methylation in the promoter of several candidate genes in the germline of the separated males. Comparable changes in DNA methylation are also present in the brain of the offspring and are associated with altered gene expression.Conclusions These findings highlight the negative impact of early stress on behavioral responses across generations and on the regulation of DNA methylation in the germline.
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“Multigenerational early-life stress models demonstrate enduring regulatory and behavioral variation, including depressive-like behaviors and altered responses to environmental novelty (64).”
From Epigenetic changes associated with multi-generational trauma: characterization, mechanisms, and therapeutics (2026) · cites this paper as [64]
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“These findings include epigenetic modulation of genes involved in synaptic and stress signaling, including Mecp2, CB1, and CRFR2, with methylation differences observed in both germline and neural tissues (64).”
From Epigenetic changes associated with multi-generational trauma: characterization, mechanisms, and therapeutics (2026) · cites this paper as [64]
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“Enduring behavioral responses to stress and epigenetic alterations in adult offspring have been demonstrated to be mediated by changes in gametes (10)(11)(12)(13), in utero effects (14), variations in early postnatal care (15,16), and/or other early life experiences (17) that are influenced by parental exposure (18).”
From Holocaust Exposure Induced Intergenerational Effects on FKBP5 Methylation (2016) · cites this paper as [12]
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“Epigenetic effects in maternal or paternal gametes are a potential explanation for epigenetic effects in offspring (10-13), but blood samples will not permit ascertainment of gamete-dependent transmission.”
From Holocaust Exposure Induced Intergenerational Effects on FKBP5 Methylation (2016) · cites this paper as [12]
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“early-life postnatal adversity in animal models can persistently affect behavior across generations and DNA methylation in the germline.”
From Gene × Environment Interactions in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Role of Epigenetic Mechanisms (2014) · cites this paper as [163]
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Bohacek, J., & Mansuy, I. M. (2016) · Epigenetics and human health · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29901-3_4 · Cited by 4
Self-citationA Brief Review on Epigenetic Aspects involved in Depression
Conti, C. L., & da Silva, A. M. Á. (2016) · Biology and Medicine · doi:10.4172/0974-8369.1000315 · Cited by 4
“Male mouse pups subjected to maternal separation exhibit permanent increases in stress susceptibility and generate offspring that display the same enhanced stress susceptibility for next generations [40].”
BackgroundThe Influence of Cultural and Familial Complexes in the Classroom: A Post-Jungian View
Fidyk, A. L. (2016) · Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-137-48691-2_4 · Cited by 4
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“Interestingly, this depressive behavior reversed by anti-depressant treatment [49].”
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“For example, chronic and unpredictable maternal separation in early life induces depressive-like behaviors in F1, F2, and F3 generations, which correlates with altered methylation in the MeCP2, CB1, and CRFR2 genes in the brain (Franklin et al., 2010).”
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Violencia y estrés infantil: ¿está en juego nuestro futuro?
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Metadata
- Authors
- Franklin, T. B., Russig, H., Weiss, I. C., Gräff, J., Linder, N., Michalon, A., Vizi, S., & Mansuy, I. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Mansuy, Isabelle M.
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-09
- Volume
- 68
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 408-415
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2035616108
- Cited by
- 1,125
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 63 · 2020: 115 · 2019: 75 · 2018: 96 · 2017: 79 · 2016: 89 · 2015: 88 · 2014: 95 · 2013: 82 · 2012: 66
- FWCI
- 25.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Zürich
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
- Swiss National Science Foundation
- National Center for Competence in Research “Neural Plasticity and Repair,”
- Human Frontier Science Program
- Borderline Personality Disorder Research Foundation
- Roche
- European Molecular Biology Organization Young Investigator Program
- Novartis Research Foundation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Keywords
- transgenerational transmission, early life stress, maternal separation, chronic unpredictable mild stress, depression-like behavior, DNA methylation, offspring behavior, gene expression
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Animals, Behavior, Animal, Mental Disorders, Brain, Female, Humans, Male, Maternal Deprivation, Sex Factors, Stress, Psychological, Gene Expression, DNA Methylation, Models, Animal, Epigenesis, Genetic, Mice
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