The DOI matches its Crossref record; 70 of the 70 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Cortical Development, Electroencephalogram Rhythms, and the Sleep/Wake Cycle
Open accessAbstract
During adulthood, electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings are used to distinguish wake, non-rapid eye movement sleep, and rapid eye movement sleep states. The close association between behavioral states and EEG rhythms is reached late during development, after birth in humans and by the end of the second postnatal week in rats and mice. This critical time is also when cortical activity switches from a discontinuous to a continuous pattern. We review the major cellular and network changes that can account for this transition. After this close link is established, new evidence suggests that the slow waves of non-rapid eye movement sleep may function as markers to track cortical development. However, before the EEG can be used to identify behavioral states, two distinct sleep phases--quiet sleep and active sleep--are identified based on behavioral criteria and muscle activity. During this early phase of development, cortical activity is far from being disorganized, despite the presence of long periods of neuronal silence and the poor modulation by behavioral states. Specific EEG patterns, such as spindle bursts and gamma oscillations, have been identified very early on and are believed to play a significant role in the refinement of brain circuits. Because most early EEG patterns do not map to a specific behavioral state, their contribution to the presumptive role of sleep in brain maturation remains to be established and should be a major focus for future research.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Comparative aspects of the brain growth spurt
Dobbing, J., & Sands, J. (1979) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/0378-3782(79)90022-7 · Cited by 2,506
Regional Slow Waves and Spindles in Human Sleep
Nir, Y., Staba, R. J., Andrillon, T., Vyazovskiy, V. V., Cirelli, C., Fried, I., & Tononi, G. (2011) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.02.043 · Cited by 924
Self-citationBiochemistry and the central nervous system
MCILWAIN, H. (1986) · International Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/0020-711x(86)90172-2 · Cited by 781
Aghajanian, G. K., & Bloom, F. E. (1967) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(67)90128-x · Cited by 667
Early motor activity drives spindle bursts in the developing somatosensory cortex
Khazipov, R., Sirota, A., Leinekugel, X., Holmes, G. L., Ben‐Ari, Y., & Buzsáki, G. (2004) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03132 · Cited by 634
Ontogenesis of the states of sleep in rat, cat, and guinea pig during the first postnatal month
Jouvet-Mounier, D., Astic, L., & Lacote, D. (1969) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.420020407 · Cited by 571
The ontogeny of behaviour in the albino rat
Bolles, R. C., & Woods, P. J. (1964) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/0003-3472(64)90062-4 · Cited by 570
Early patterns of electrical activity in the developing cerebral cortex of humans and rodents
Khazipov, R., & Luhmann, H. J. (2006) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2006.05.007 · Cited by 482
Bushong, E. A., Martone, M. E., & Ellisman, M. H. (2004) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2003.12.008 · Cited by 463
Kurth, S., Ringli, M., Geiger, A., LeBourgeois, M., Jenni, O. G., & Huber, R. (2010) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2532-10.2010 · Cited by 373
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sleep—A brain-state serving systems memory consolidation
Brodt, S., Inostroza, M., Niethard, N., & Born, J. (2023) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2023.03.005 · Cited by 343
Unraveling the evolutionary determinants of sleep
Joiner, W. J. (2016) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.08.068 · Cited by 232
An increase of inhibition drives the developmental decorrelation of neural activity
Chini, M., Pfeffer, T. A., & Hanganu‐Opatz, I. L. (2022) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.78811 · Cited by 192
Abnormal sleep spindles, memory consolidation, and schizophrenia
Manoach, D. S., & Stickgold, R. (2019) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095754 · Cited by 157
Neuronal activity patterns in the developing barrel cortex.
Luhmann, H. J., & Khazipov, R. (2018) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.05.025 · Cited by 132
Relations between sleep patterns early in life and brain development: A review
Lokhandwala, S., & Spencer, R. M. C. (2022) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2022.101130 · Cited by 151
Bitzenhofer, S. H., Ahlbeck, J., Wolff, A., Wiegert, J. S., Gee, C. E., Oertner, T. G., & Hanganu‐Opatz, I. L. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms14563 · Cited by 96
Tokariev, A., Roberts, J. A., Zalesky, A., Zhao, X., Vanhatalo, S., Breakspear, M. J., & Cocchi, L. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-10467-8 · Cited by 99
Schilling, C., Schlipf, M., Spietzack, S., Rausch, F., Eisenacher, S., Englisch, S., Reinhard, I., Haller, L., Grimm, O., Deuschle, M., et al. (2016) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-016-0725-2 · Cited by 84
Kocevska, D., Muetzel, R. L., Luik, A. I., Luijk, M. P. C. M., Jaddoe, V. W. V., Verhulst, F. C., White, T. J. H., & Tiemeier, H. W. (2016) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsw022 · Cited by 86
The why and how of sleep-dependent synaptic down-selection
Cirelli, C., & Tononi, G. (2022) · Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.02.007 · Cited by 74
Self-citationBaran, B., Karahanoğlu, F. I., Mylonas, D., Demanuele, C., Vangel, M. G., Stickgold, R., Anticevic, A., & Manoach, D. S. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.04.012 · Cited by 82
Thalamocortical function in developing sensory circuits
Colonnese, M. T., & Phillips, M. A. (2018) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2018.04.019 · Cited by 74
Resolving and Rescuing Developmental Miswiring in a Mouse Model of Cognitive Impairment
Chini, M., Pöpplau, J. A., Lindemann, C., Carol-Perdiguer, L., Hnida, M., Oberlander, V. C., Xu, X., Ahlbeck, J., Bitzenhofer, S. H., Mulert, C., et al. (2019) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2019.09.042 · Cited by 71
Can Better Management of Periodontal Disease Delay the Onset and Progression of Alzheimer’s Disease?
Harding, A., Robinson, S. J., Crean, S., & Singhrao, S. K. (2017) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-170046 · Cited by 69
Early patterns of activity in the developing cortex: Focus on the sensorimotor system
Khazipov, R., & Milh, M. (2017) · Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.09.014 · Cited by 64
Spindle activity orchestrates plasticity during development and sleep
Lindemann, C., Ahlbeck, J., Bitzenhofer, S. H., & Hanganu-Opatz, I. L. (2016) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2016/5787423 · Cited by 59
Dynamical systems, attractors, and neural circuits
Miller, P. C. (2016) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.7698.1 · Cited by 61
A sleep state in Drosophila larvae required for neural stem cell proliferation
Szuperák, M., Churgin, M. A., Borja, A. J., Raizen, D. M., Fang-Yen, C. M., & Kayser, M. S. (2018) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.33220 · Cited by 59
Dyscoordination of non-rapid eye movement sleep oscillations in autism spectrum disorder
Mylonas, D., Machado, S., Larson, O., Patel, R., Cox, R., Vangel, M. G., Maski, K. P., Stickgold, R., & Manoach, D. S. (2022) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsac010 · Cited by 51
Associations between brain structure and sleep patterns across adolescent development
Jalbrzikowski, M., Hayes, R. A., Scully, K. E., Franzen, P. L., Hasler, B. P., Siegle, G. J., Buysse, D. J., Dahl, R. E., Forbes, E. E., Ladouceur, C. D., et al. (2021) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsab120 · Cited by 51
Thalamic inhibitory circuits and network activity development
Murata, Y., & Colonnese, M. T. (2018) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2018.10.024 · Cited by 53
Developmental pathways towards mood disorders in adult life: Is there a role for sleep disturbances?
Palagini, L., Domschke, K., Benedetti, F., Foster, F., Wulff, K., & Riemann, D. W. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.09.011 · Cited by 52
Griffiths, K. K., Wang, A., Wang, L., Tracey, M., Kleiner, G., Quinzii, C. M., Sun, L., Yang, G., Perez‐Zoghbi, J. F., Licznerski, P., et al. (2018) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.202000283rr · Cited by 50
Ghoshal, A., Uygun, D. S., Yang, L., McNally, J. M., López-Huerta, V. G., Arias-García, M. A., Báez-Nieto, D., Allen, A., Fitzgerald, M. L., Choi, S., et al. (2020) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-020-0685-1 · Cited by 44
Ahlbeck, J., Song, L., Chini, M., Candela, A., Bitzenhofer, S. H., & Hanganu‐Opatz, I. L. (2018) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.33158 · Cited by 42
Jyoti, A., Plano, A., Riedel, G., & Platt, B. (2015) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.07.001 · Cited by 45
Tesoriero, C., Gallo, F. D., & Bentivoglio, M. (2018) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.07.002 · Cited by 41
Rensing, N. R., Moy, B., Friedman, J. L., Galindo, R., & Wong, M. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0207031 · Cited by 44
Targeting sleep oscillations to improve memory in schizophrenia
Manoach, D. S., Mylonas, D., & Baxter, B. (2020) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2020.01.010 · Cited by 36
Ala‐Kurikka, T., Pospelov, A. S., Summanen, M., Alafuzoff, A., Kurki, S., Voipio, J., & Kaila, K. (2020) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/epi.16790 · Cited by 35
Early brain activity: Translations between bedside and laboratory
Luhmann, H. J., Kanold, P. O., Molnár, Z., & Vanhatalo, S. (2022) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102268 · Cited by 33
Chang, P., Lorenzo Fabrizi, D., Olhede, S. C., & Fitzgerald, M. (2016) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhw330 · Cited by 32
Evidence for sleep-dependent synaptic renormalization in mouse pups
de Vivo, L., Nagai, H., Wispelaere, N. D., Spano, G. M., Marshall, W., Bellesi, M., Nemec, K. M., Schiereck, S. S., Nagai, M., Tononi, G., et al. (2019) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsz184 · Cited by 30
Self-citationSynaptic refinement during development and its effect on slow-wave activity: a computational study
Hoel, E. P., Albantakis, L., Cirelli, C., & Tononi, G. (2016) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00812.2015 · Cited by 30
Self-citationFomicheva, A., Zhou, C., Sun, Q., & Gomelsky, M. (2019) · ACS Synthetic Biology · doi:10.1021/acssynbio.8b00528 · Cited by 28
Cirelli, C., & Tononi, G. (2017) · PubMed Central · Cited by 28
Self-citationSleep’s contribution to memory formation
Lutz, N. D., Harkotte, M., & Jan Born, A. (2025) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00054.2024 · Cited by 51
Sokhadze, G. E., Seabrook, T. A., & Guido, W. (2018) · Neural Development · doi:10.1186/s13064-018-0124-7 · Cited by 26
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep during Early Life: A Comprehensive Narrative Review
Chen, H., Gao, J.-X., Chen, Y.-N., Xie, J.-F., Xie, Y.-P., Spruyt, K., Lin, J., Shao, Y.-F., & Hou, Y.-P. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192013101 · Cited by 32
Postnatal development of cholinergic input to the thalamic reticular nucleus of the mouse
Sokhadze, G. E., Campbell, P. W., & Guido, W. (2018) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.13942 · Cited by 25
Akman, Ö., Raol, Y. H., Auvin, S., Cortez, M. A., Kubová, H., de Curtis, M., Ikeda, A., Dudek, F. E., & Galanopoulou, A. S. (2018) · Epilepsia Open · doi:10.1002/epi4.12262 · Cited by 24
Functional networks in the infant brain during sleep and wake states
Yates, T. S., Ellis, C. T., & Turk‐Browne, N. B. (2023) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhad327 · Cited by 24
A Thalamocortical Perspective on Sleep Spindle Alterations in Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Herrera, C. G., & Tarokh, L. (2024) · Current Sleep Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s40675-024-00284-x · Cited by 27
Domnick, N.-K., Gretenkord, S., Feo, V. D., Sedlacik, J., Brockmann, M. D., & Hanganu‐Opatz, I. L. (2015) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.08.017 · Cited by 25
McVea, D. A., Murphy, T. H., & Mohajerani, M. H. (2016) · Frontiers in Neural Circuits · doi:10.3389/fncir.2016.00103 · Cited by 23
He, J.-W., Rabiller, G., Nishijima, Y., Akamatsu, Y., Khateeb, K., Yazdan-Shahmorad, A., & Liu, J. (2019) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x19877889 · Cited by 21
Decoeur, F., Benmamar‐Badel, A., Leyrolle, Q., Persillet, M., Layé, S., & Nadjar, A. (2019) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2019.05.016 · Cited by 21
Sleep problems in Rett syndrome animal models: A systematic review
Zhang, X., Lin, J., & Spruyt, K. (2020) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.24730 · Cited by 19
Disruption of sleep-wake continuum in myotonic dystrophy type 1: Beyond conventional sleep staging
Bonanni, E., Carnicelli, L., Crapanzano, D., Maestri, M., Simoncini, C., Baldanzi, S., Falorni, M., Garbarino, S., Mancuso, M., Bonuccelli, U., et al. (2018) · Neuromuscular Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.nmd.2018.02.004 · Cited by 20
Neural complexity and the spectral slope characterise auditory processing in wakefulness and sleep
Alnes, S. L., Bächlin, L. Z. M., Schindler, K. A., & Tzovara, A. (2023) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.16203 · Cited by 19
Effects of Severe Sleep Disruption on the Synaptic Ultrastructure of Young Mice
Nagai, H., de Vivo, L., Marshall, W., Tononi, G., & Cirelli, C. (2021) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0077-21.2021 · Cited by 17
Self-citationNeurophysiological mechanisms of implicit and explicit memory in the process of consciousness
Tucker, D. M., Luu, P., & Johnson, M. (2022) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00328.2022 · Cited by 21
Network instability dynamics drive a transient bursting period in the developing hippocampus in vivo
Graf, J., Rahmati, V., Majoros, M., Witte, O. W., Geis, C., Kiebel, S. J., Holthoff, K., & Kirmse, K. (2022) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.82756 · Cited by 15
Does sleep help prevent forgetting rewarded memory representations in children and adults?
Prehn-Kristensen, A., Böhmig, A., Schult, J., Pedersen, A., Wiesner, C. D., & Baving, L. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00924 · Cited by 14
“The basis of these changes in macro sleep architecture is a shift in oscillatory brain activity during sleep: children compared to adults show an increase in EEG-activity in delta (0.5–4 Hz) and theta (4–8 Hz) bands (Kurth et al., 2010; Buchmann et al., 2011; Cirelli and Tononi, 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialDevelopment of Prefrontal Circuits and Cognitive AbilitiesPreprint
Pöpplau, J. A., & Hanganu‐Opatz, I. L. (2024) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a041502 · Cited by 15
Breathing During Sleep in the Postnatal Period of Rats: The Contribution of Active Expiration
Saini, J. K., & Pagliardini, S. (2017) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsx172 · Cited by 13
The Ponto-Geniculo-Occipital (PGO) Waves in Dreaming: An Overview
Gao, J.-X., Yan, G., Li, X.-X., Xie, J.-F., Spruyt, K., Shao, Y.-F., & Hou, Y.-P. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13091350 · Cited by 18
Han, C., Zhang, Z., Lin, Y., Huang, S., Mao, J., Xiang, W., Wang, F., Liang, Y., Chen, W., & Zhao, X. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/67188 · Cited by 13
Mammalian NREM and REM sleep: Why, when and how
Rial, R. V., Akaârir, M., Cañellas, F., Barceló, P., Díaz, J. Á. R., Martin-Reina, A., Gamundí, A., & Nicolau, M. C. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105041 · Cited by 12
Luu, P., & Tucker, D. M. (2023) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.22439 · Cited by 12
Tucker, D. M., Luu, P., & Friston, K. J. (2025) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhaf122 · Cited by 15
Cui, G.-F., Hou, M., Shao, Y.-F., Chen, H., Gao, J.-X., Xie, J.-F., Chen, Y.-N., Cong, C.-Y., Dai, F., & Hou, Y. (2019) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2019.00873 · Cited by 11
Neural Syntax in Mental Disorders
Watson, B. O., & Buzsáki, G. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.04.004 · Cited by 11
Input-Independent Homeostasis of Developing Thalamocortical Activity
Riyahi, P., Phillips, M. A., & Colonnese, M. T. (2021) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0184-21.2021 · Cited by 11
Humphreys, M. S., Tehan, G., Baumann, O., & Loft, S. D. (2020) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2020.101346 · Cited by 10
Stereotaxic atlas of the infant rat brain at postnatal days 7–13
Chen, Y.-N., Zheng, X., Chen, H., Gao, J.-X., Li, X.-X., Xie, J.-F., Xie, Y.-P., Spruyt, K., Shao, Y.-F., & Hou, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroanatomy · doi:10.3389/fnana.2022.968320 · Cited by 9
Early Consumption of Cannabinoids: From Adult Neurogenesis to Behavior
Netzahualcoyotzi, C., Rodríguez–Serrano, L. M., Chávez–Hernández, M. E., & Buenrostro-Jáuregui, M. H. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22147450 · Cited by 9
GABAergic Neurons in the Central Amygdala Promote Emergence from Isoflurane Anesthesia in Mice
Zhang, J., Yao, W., Zhang, L., Li, Z.-S., Gong, X.-T., Duan, L.-L., Huang, Z.-X., Chen, T., Huang, J.-C., Yang, S.-X., et al. (2024) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aln.0000000000005279 · Cited by 9
Cruz‐Aguilar, M. A., Hernández‐Arteaga, E., González, M. H., Ramírez‐Salado, I., & Guevara, M. Á. (2020) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.23162 · Cited by 8
Zhang, Q., Cheng, Q., Li, H., Dong, X., & Tu, W. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0183728 · Cited by 8
Greer, J. M. H., Riby, D. M., McMullon, M. E. G., Hamilton, C., & Riby, L. M. (2021) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-021-00575-w · Cited by 7
Uccella, S., Marazzotta, V., Preiti, D., Battaglini, M., Burlando, G., Roascio, M., Rossi, A., Arnulfo, G., Ramenghi, L. A., & Nobili, L. (2025) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2025.106538 · Cited by 6
Appavu, B. L., Temkit, M., Hanalıoğlu, D., Burrows, B. T., & Adelson, P. D. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1097/wnp.0000000000001015 · Cited by 5
Disorders of Breathing During Sleep
Gozal, D., & Gozal, D. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-44887-1.00081-x · Cited by 5
Maehara, K., Morokuma, S., Nakahara, K., Okawa, H., & Kato, K. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0233909 · Cited by 4
Vukadinovic, Z. (2015) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2015.08.012 · Cited by 4
McVea, D. A., Murphy, T. H., & Mohajerani, M. H. (2017) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/176800 · Cited by 4
Postnatal choline supplementation improves sleep in a rat model of developmental alcohol exposure
Hanson, J. B., Baker, J. A., Whittaker, D. S., & Thomas, J. D. (2025) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.70171 · Cited by 3
Postnatal Development of Sleep-Wake Cycle in Wild-Type Mice
Prados-Pardo, Á., Prieto-Soler, S. Y., & del Toro, E. D. (2018) · Advances in cognitive neurodynamics · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-8854-4_38 · Cited by 3
Zanus, C., Miladinović, A., Dea, F. D., Skabar, A., Stecca, M., Ajčević, M., Accardo, A., & Carrozzi, M. (2023) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e25091244 · Cited by 3
6-year course of sleep homeostasis in a case with epilepsy-aphasia spectrum disorder
Oser, N., Hubacher, M., Nageleisen-Weiss, A., van Mierlo, P., Huber, R., Weber, P., Bölsterli, B. K., & Datta, A. (2021) · Epilepsy & Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ebr.2021.100488 · Cited by 3
Expiratory activity during sleep in children
Saini, J. K., Janes, T. A., MacLean, J. E., & Pagliardini, S. (2021) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13539 · Cited by 2
Validation of a Wireless, Self-Applied Device for Sleep Recording in the Paediatric Population
Iadarola, A., Cordani, R., Veneruso, M., Uccella, S., & Nobili, L. (2025) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s554608 · Cited by 2
Zhan, Y., Zhang, Y., Liu, Z., Yin, Z., Wang, D., Xie, X., & Wang, L. (2025) · Drug Design Development and Therapy · doi:10.2147/dddt.s567980 · Cited by 2
Duan, L., Cai, P., Li, Z.-S., Wang, Q., Zhang, L., Chen, Z.-L., Zhang, M.-J., Zhang, C.-W., Xu, Z., & Chen, L. (2025) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aln.0000000000005584 · Cited by 2
Kazala, A.-M., Karagianni, V., & Grammatikas, G. (2019) · Hellenic Journal of Nursing Science · doi:10.24283/hjns.20192.6-7 · Cited by 2
Microglia inhibition rescues developmental hypofrontality in a mouse model of mental illnessPreprint
Chini, M., Lindemann, C., Pöpplau, J. A., Xu, X., Ahlbeck, J., Bitzenhofer, S. H., Mulert, C., & Hanganu‐Opatz, I. L. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/254656 · Cited by 2
SleepInvestigatoR: a flexible R function for analyzing scored sleep in rodents
Gamble, M. C., Williams, B. R., McKenna, J. T., & Logan, R. W. (2025) · SLEEP Advances · doi:10.1093/sleepadvances/zpaf032 · Cited by 1
Gong, X.-T., Li, Z.-S., Chen, Z.-L., Wu, X., Shangguan, L.-Y., Xu, Z., Chen, L., Yu, C., & Cai, P. (2025) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0007-25.2025 · Cited by 1
Henckaerts, P., Fehér, K. D., Hertenstein, E., Schneider, C. L., Angelillo, M., Mikutta, C., Feige, B., Riemann, D. W., & Nissen, C. (2025) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2025.102141 · Cited by 2
Propolis Improved Methomyl‐Induced Neurotoxicity in the Developing Brain of Albino Rats
Atallah, M. N., Badawy, G. M., Abdallah, F. S., El‐Gaber, A. S. A., & El‐Borm, H. T. (2025) · Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A Ecological and Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1002/jez.70021 · Cited by 1
The Ontogenetic Development of Rapid Eye Movement Sleep in Early Life and Its Regulatory Mechanisms
Zhang, X., Gao, X., Wang, A.-H., Wang, C., Liu, J., Hu, Y., Duan, B., Huang, H., & Gao, J. (2026) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1002/jdn.70078 · Cited by 1
A developmental switch in corticoclaustral signaling
Shaker, T., Almokdad, M., Razenberg, L., Karnani, M., & Jackson, J. (2026) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2026.02.049 · Cited by 1
Chaotic Analysis of Hippocampal and Cortical Sleep EEG during Various Vigilance States
Dahal, P., Ning, T., & Blaise, J. H. (2018) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2018.8512949 · Cited by 1
Cheaha, D., Basor, N., Manor, R., Hayeemasae, N., & Samerphob, N. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37531 · Cited by 1
Peters, S. E. (2017) · doi:10.7282/t35142bt · Cited by 1
Responses to Song Playback Differ in Sleeping versus Anesthetized Songbirds
Bottjer, S. W., Moing, C. L. L., Li, E., & Yuan, R. (2022) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0015-22.2022 · Cited by 1
Schizophrenia, Other Neuropsychiatric Disorders, and Sleep
Manoach, D. S., Shinn, A. K., & Stickgold, R. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-378610-4.00478-2 · Cited by 1
A rush of blood to the head: The beginnings of brain imaging
Bambah-Mukku, D. (2016) · Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.shpsc.2015.12.013 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Cirelli, C., & Tononi, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cirelli, Chiara
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-06
- Volume
- 77
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1071-1078
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4444390
- OpenAlex
- W2076311857
- Cited by
- 117
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 0.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH091326)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroscience of respiration and sleep
- Keywords
- cortical development, sleep-wake cycle, behavioral state, NREM sleep, REM sleep, slow waves, quiet sleep, active sleep, sleep spindles, gamma oscillations, postnatal development
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cerebral Cortex, Electroencephalography, Humans, Sleep Stages, Mice, Rats, Brain Waves, Gamma Rhythm
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
