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Depression in Alzheimer’s Disease: Epidemiology, Mechanisms, and Treatment
Abstract
Depression and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are substantial public health concerns. In the past decades, a link between the 2 disease entities has received extensive acknowledgment, yet the complex nature of this relationship demands further clarification. Some evidence indicates that midlife depression may be an AD risk factor, while a chronic course of depression in late life may be a precursor to or symptom of dementia. Recently, multiple pathophysiological mechanisms have been proposed to underlie the bidirectional relationship between depression and AD, including genetic predisposition, immune dysregulation, accumulation of AD-related biomarkers (e.g., amyloid-β and tau), and alterations in brain structure. Accordingly, numerous therapeutic approaches, such as pharmacology treatments, psychotherapy, and lifestyle interventions, have been suggested as potential means of interfering with these pathways. However, the current literature on this topic remains fragmented and lacks a comprehensive review characterizing the association between depression and AD. In this review, we aim to address these gaps by providing an overview of the co-occurrence and temporal relationship between depression and AD, as well as exploring their underlying mechanisms. We also examine the current therapeutic regimens for depression and their implications for AD management and outline key challenges facing the field.
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“Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) like citalopram and sertraline have shown modest efficacy,42,43”
From A 2025 update on treatment strategies for the Alzheimer’s disease spectrum (2025) · cites this paper as [42]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Huang, Y.-Y., Gan, Y.-H., Yang, L., Cheng, W., & Yu, J.-T.
- Affiliations
- Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Yu, Jin-Tai
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024-06
- Volume
- 95
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 992-1005
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4387802230
- Cited by
- 164
- References
- 133
- Citations by year
- 2026: 63 · 2025: 83 · 2024: 18
- FWCI
- 7.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- depression, Alzheimer's disease, dementia, geriatric depression, bidirectional relationship, amyloid-beta, tau protein, immune dysregulation, genetic susceptibility, brain structure, pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, lifestyle intervention, risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Antidepressive Agents, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Humans
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