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Cortisol awakening response and psychosocial factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Abstract
The magnitude of the cortisol awakening response, a relatively new indicator of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis activation, has been related to a number of psychosocial factors. But findings have been inconsistent across studies. We systematically reviewed previous studies investigating the association between the cortisol awakening response and psychosocial factors. 147 eligible studies from 62 articles were identified. Separate analyses were carried out on the increase in cortisol following waking (CARi), and the integrated volume of cortisol released over the waking period (CARauc). We found that the CARi was positively associated with job stress and general life stress. It was negatively associated with fatigue, burnout, or exhaustion. There were less reliable negative associations between the CARi and positive affects. The CARauc was positively related to general life stress and negatively related to posttraumatic stress syndrome. This review concludes that different psychosocial factors are associated with an enhanced or reduced cortisol awakening response.
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In the citing paper
“According to a meta-analysis, higher CARs are associated with increased appraisals of general life and job stress (Chida & Steptoe, 2009).”
From It's not what you think, it's how you relate to it: Dispositional mindfulness moderates the relationship between psychological distress and the cortisol awakening response (2014) · cites this paper as Chida & Steptoe, 2009
In the citing paper
“However, negative affect, anxiety, and rumination are not reliably associated with the CAR (Chida & Steptoe, 2009; Zoccola &Dickerson, 2012).”
From It's not what you think, it's how you relate to it: Dispositional mindfulness moderates the relationship between psychological distress and the cortisol awakening response (2014) · cites this paper as Chida & Steptoe, 2009
In the citing paper
“Specifically, CAR may be a unique component of the HPA-axis, representing its response to awakening, and is less likely to be influenced by stressors throughout the day.32,33”
From DIURNAL CORTISOL INTERACTS WITH STRESSFUL EVENTS TO PROSPECTIVELY PREDICT DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN ADOLESCENT GIRLS (2017) · cites this paper as [32]
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, it has been concluded in a systematic review that a lower post-awakening increase in cortisol was associated with higher symptoms of fatigue, burnout or exhaustion [60].”
From Preliminary Results: The Impact of Smartphone Use and Short-Wavelength Light during the Evening on Circadian Rhythm, Sleep and Alertness (2021) · cites this paper as [60]
In the citing paper
“A meta-analysis of 62 studies revealed considerable heterogeneity in findings linking psychosocial functioning to the CAR (Chida & Steptoe, 2009).”
From Psychosocial functioning and the cortisol awakening response: meta-analysis, P-curve analysis, and evaluation of the evidential value in existing studies (2017) · cites this paper as Chida & Steptoe, 2009
In the citing paper
“AUCw was positively related to general life stress but negatively related to posttraumatic stress (Chida & Steptoe, 2009).”
From Psychosocial functioning and the cortisol awakening response: meta-analysis, P-curve analysis, and evaluation of the evidential value in existing studies (2017) · cites this paper as Chida & Steptoe, 2009
In the citing paper
“Chida and Steptoe (2009) described seven different types of psychosocial predictors: job stress, general life stress (non-work-related), depression, anxiety (including neuroticism and negative affect), fatigue/burnout/exhaustion, posttraumatic stress, and positive psychosocial traits.”
From Psychosocial functioning and the cortisol awakening response: meta-analysis, P-curve analysis, and evaluation of the evidential value in existing studies (2017) · cites this paper as Chida & Steptoe, 2009
In the citing paper
“CARi was positively correlated with job stress and general life stress but negatively correlated with fatigue, burnout, or exhaustion and not reliably associated with positive affect.”
From Psychosocial functioning and the cortisol awakening response: meta-analysis, P-curve analysis, and evaluation of the evidential value in existing studies (2017) · cites this paper as Chida & Steptoe, 2009
In the citing paper
“In studies in which both CARi and AUCw were measured, their relationships to measures of psychosocial functioning were not the same (e.g., Bhattacharyya et al., 2008; Chida & Steptoe, 2009; Ellenbogen et al., 2006; Mommersteeg et al., 2006; Sonnenschein et al., 2007; Whitehead et al., 2007)”
From Psychosocial functioning and the cortisol awakening response: meta-analysis, P-curve analysis, and evaluation of the evidential value in existing studies (2017) · cites this paper as Chida & Steptoe, 2009
In the citing paper
“AUCw was positively related to general life stress but negatively related to posttraumatic stress (Chida & Steptoe, 2009).”
From Psychosocial functioning and the cortisol awakening response: meta-analysis, P-curve analysis, and evaluation of the evidential value in existing studies (2017) · cites this paper as Chida & Steptoe, 2009
In the citing paper
“CARi was positively correlated with job stress and general life stress but negatively correlated with fatigue, burnout, or exhaustion and not reliably associated with positive affect.”
From Psychosocial functioning and the cortisol awakening response: meta-analysis, P-curve analysis, and evaluation of the evidential value in existing studies (2017) · cites this paper as Chida & Steptoe, 2009
In the citing paper
“CARi was positively correlated with job stress and general life stress but negatively correlated with fatigue, burnout, or exhaustion and not reliably associated with positive affect.”
From Psychosocial functioning and the cortisol awakening response: meta-analysis, P-curve analysis, and evaluation of the evidential value in existing studies (2017) · cites this paper as Chida & Steptoe, 2009
In the citing paper
“Heterogeneity in the literature linking psychosocial functioning to the CAR is the rule rather than the exception”
From Psychosocial functioning and the cortisol awakening response: meta-analysis, P-curve analysis, and evaluation of the evidential value in existing studies (2017) · cites this paper as Chida & Steptoe, 2009
In the citing paper
“in four of seven types of psychosocial predictors, studies showing both positive and negative associations exist (Chida & Steptoe, 2009)”
From Psychosocial functioning and the cortisol awakening response: meta-analysis, P-curve analysis, and evaluation of the evidential value in existing studies (2017) · cites this paper as Chida & Steptoe, 2009
In the citing paper
“CARi was positively correlated with job stress and general life stress but negatively correlated with fatigue, burnout, or exhaustion and not reliably associated with positive affect.”
From Psychosocial functioning and the cortisol awakening response: meta-analysis, P-curve analysis, and evaluation of the evidential value in existing studies (2017) · cites this paper as Chida & Steptoe, 2009
In the citing paper
“Chida and Steptoe (2009) described seven categories of psychosocial predictors that have been associated with the CAR: job stress, general life stress, depression, anxiety, fatigue/burnout/exhaustion, posttraumatic stress, and positive psychosocial traits.”
From Psychosocial functioning and the cortisol awakening response: meta-analysis, P-curve analysis, and evaluation of the evidential value in existing studies (2017) · cites this paper as Chida and Steptoe (2009)
In the citing paper
“This heterogeneity is partially the result of methodological and operationalization inconsistencies across studies and potential measure-dependent and/or predictor-specific associations (Chida & Steptoe, 2009; Stadler et al., 2016).”
From Psychosocial functioning and the cortisol awakening response: meta-analysis, P-curve analysis, and evaluation of the evidential value in existing studies (2017) · cites this paper as Chida & Steptoe, 2009
In the citing paper
“These small effects were similar to those reported by Chida and Steptoe (2009), with r's ranging from -.065 to .069 depending on the specific predictor.”
From Psychosocial functioning and the cortisol awakening response: meta-analysis, P-curve analysis, and evaluation of the evidential value in existing studies (2017) · cites this paper as Chida and Steptoe (2009)
In the citing paper
“This corroborates meta-analytic results from Chida and Steptoe (2009).”
From Psychosocial functioning and the cortisol awakening response: meta-analysis, P-curve analysis, and evaluation of the evidential value in existing studies (2017) · cites this paper as Chida and Steptoe, 2009
In the citing paper
“Of the seven categories previously defined by Chida and Steptoe (2009), it was found that only fatigue/burnout/exhaustion was negatively correlated with CARi.”
From Psychosocial functioning and the cortisol awakening response: meta-analysis, P-curve analysis, and evaluation of the evidential value in existing studies (2017) · cites this paper as Chida and Steptoe, 2009
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“Extant studies (e.g., Clow et al., 2004; Chida & Steptoe, 2009) indicate that various forms of stress are associated with the CAR.”
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“Stressful factors potentiate CAR (Chida & Steptoe, 2009; Clow et al., 2010).”
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“In a literature review, Chida and Steptoe (2009) concluded that the relationship between levels of cortisol and burnout is negative.”
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“We expected that acculturation processes linked with isolation, alienation, and chronic stress would be associated with lower CAR, based on prior work linking attenuated CAR to diverse negative contexts and outcomes (Chida & Steptoe, 2009; Mangold et al., 2011; Meinlschmidt & Heim, 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialReduced professional efficacy is associated with a blunted salivary alpha-amylase awakening response
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“The physiological role of the CAR is as yet unclear but there is evidence that the CAR might play a metabolic and immunological role in the transition from sleep to wakeful state, and it has been associated with different psychosocial factors (Pruessner et al., 1997; Chida and Steptoe, 2009; Fries et al., 2009).”
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“In addition to CAR, the area under the curve with respect to increase (AUCi) was calculated to measure cortisol awakening response over time 30 .”
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“Notably, both blunted and heightened CARs are associated with negative physical and psychological health conditions in HICs, including cancer risks and burnout (Chida & Steptoe, 2009; Sephton et al., 2000).”
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“The recommended test time is within an hour of awakening (Chida & Steptoe, 2009).”
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“Moreover, reviews of research 25 examining whether other personality characteristics predict CAR have provided modest 1 findings with characteristics such as neuroticism predicting only a small amount of variance 2 (Chida & Steptoe, 2009).”
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“It has been hypothesized that the CAR represents activation of the HPA axis following awakening, because an ACTH peak occurs prior to the initiation of the CAR (Chida and Steptoe 2009).”
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“Extant studies (e.g., Chida and Steptoe, 2009; Clow et al., 2004) indicate that various forms of stress are associated with the CAR.”
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“Further, a meta-analysis examining the CAR found that a flattened CAR is associated with burnout, fatigue, and exhaustion, as well as post-traumatic stress disorder (Chida and Steptoe 2009).”
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“Likewise, higher depressive symptoms and/or perceived stress are associated with worse physiological health, including cortisol secretion (Chida & Steptoe, 2009), elevated blood pressure (Gasperin et al., 2009), CRP levels (Gowey et al., 2019), triglycerides (Bove et al., 2010), lower high-density…”
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“In a meta-analysis of studies investigating the CAR in relation to specific life stressors and mood states, Chida and Steptoe (2009) found that feelings of fatigue, burnout, and exhaustion were associated with a lower CAR, although current job stress and general life stress were both associated…”
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“range of social factors including stress and anxiety (Chida and Steptoe, 2009; Gartland et al., 2014; Smyth et al., 1997; Stone et al., 2001).”
BackgroundCortisol Awakening Reaction and Anxiety in Depressed Coronary Artery Disease Patients
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“Data on cortisol and depression have brought equivocal results with both increased and decreased levels being reported [12].”
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Chui, H. C., Hoppmann, C. A., Gerstorf, D., WALKER, R. B., & Luszcz, M. A. (2014) · Research in Human Development · doi:10.1080/15427609.2014.906738 · Cited by 11
“Our results complement previous findings that lifetime vulnerabilities, for example, lower socioeconomic status, is associated with the blunted cortisol diurnal profiles (Agbedia et al., 2011; Chida & Steptoe, 2009; Gerritsen et al., 2010).”
BackgroundResultHakamata, Y., Izawa, S., Sato, E., Komi, S., Murayama, N., Moriguchi, Y., Hanakawa, T., Inoue, Y., & Tagaya, H. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.06.031 · Cited by 9
Nislin, M. A., Sajaniemi, N. K., Suhonen, E., Sims, M., Hotulainen, R., Hyttinen, S., & Hyttinen, A. (2015) · Journal of Early Childhood Education Research · Cited by 9
Kawai, T., Kuwano, Y., Masuda, K., Fujita, K., Tanaka, H., Nishikawa, T., Rokutan, K., & Nishida, K. (2017) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2017.1297415 · Cited by 9
“…(CAR), first systematically described by Pruessner et al. (1997), is frequently used as a marker for HPA-axis activity in relation to various health and psychological conditions (Chida & Steptoe, 2009), we assessed the salivary CAR by measuring wake-up-to-peak (30min after awakening) delta.”
MethodInfluentialObasi, E. M., Chen, T. A., Cavanagh, L., Smith, B. K., Wilborn, K. A., McNeill, L. H., & Reitzel, L. R. (2019) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000812 · Cited by 11
“Variations in CAR have been associated with both sociodemographic factors as well as negative mental and physical health outcomes (Champaneri et al. 2013; Cohen et al. 2006; Chida & Steptoe 2009; Steptoe et al. 2003; Zeiders et al. 2014).”
BackgroundScarinci, F., Patacchioli, F. R., Ghiciuc, C. M., Pasquali, V., Bercea, R. M., Cozma, S. R., & Parravano, M. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9082490 · Cited by 9
“The magnitude of the AUCCAR, representing the integrated amount of salivary cortisol released over the waking period, has been related to a number of psychosocial factors [79].”
BackgroundArmstrong‐Carter, E., & Telzer, E. H. (2021) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.22101 · Cited by 13
“Relatively lower values of AUC and diurnal cortisol slope (i.e., more negative slope) are considered optimal for physical and mental health (Chida & Steptoe, 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialSjörs, A., & Jónsdóttir, I. H. (2015) · International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health · doi:10.13075/ijomeh.1896.00208 · Cited by 9
“In an earlier meta-analysis by Chida and Steptoe [5], a negative association has been found between CAR and fatigue, burnout or exhaustion.”
BackgroundKoudela-Hamila, S., Santangelo, P. S., Ebner-Priemer, U. W., & Schlotz, W. (2022) · Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1027/0269-8803/a000293 · Cited by 9
Sajaniemi, N. K., Suhonen, E., Hotulainen, R., Törmänen, M. R. K., Alijoki, A., Nislin, M. A., & Kontu, E. K. (2013) · European Early Childhood Education Research Journal · doi:10.1080/1350293x.2013.783303 · Cited by 10
“Aberrant circadian rhythm is linked to increased risk for physical, psychological and developmental disorders (Yehuda 2002; Linkowski 2003; Chida and Steptoe 2009).”
BackgroundArbel, R., Schacter, H. L., Han, S. C., Timmons, A. C., Shapiro, L. S., & Margolin, G. (2019) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21829 · Cited by 9
“We based our choice for the CAR timing on the expert recommendations at the time of data collection (Chida & Steptoe, 2009).”
MethodJang, S., Choi, S., Ahn, R. S., Lee, J.-Y., Kim, J., & Seok, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.847498 · Cited by 8
Sun, J., Lunkenheimer, E. S., & Lin, D. (2023) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579423001086 · Cited by 9
Ballestar‐Tarín, M. L., Valle, V. I.-D., Mafla-España, M. A., Navarro-Martínez, R., & Cauli, O. (2024) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics14040447 · Cited by 11
“A meta-analysis of cortisol awakening responses and psychosocial factors revealed that levels of chronic psychological stress, such as work stress and general life stress, were associated with increased cortisol awakening responses [31].”
BackgroundANCOVA: A Global Test Based on a Robust Measure of Location or Quantiles When There Is Curvature
Wilcox, R. R. (2016) · Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods · doi:10.22237/jmasm/1462075320 · Cited by 8
Kosaka, M., Sumita, Y. I., Otomaru, T., & Taniguchi, H. (2013) · Journal of Prosthodontic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpor.2013.10.001 · Cited by 8
Wilbur, R. E., Griffin, J. S., Sorensen, M., & Furberg, R. (2018) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/10215 · Cited by 7
“…hormone that activates the pathways responsible for preventing the release of proinflammatory cytokines in response to environmental, psychosocial, and physiological stress and is the most commonly used biomarker to assess levels of acute and chronic physiological stress [20,21,31-33].”
The effect of citrus ginger aroma on heart rate and salivary cortisol level during sleep at home
Jiang, F., Kobayashi, T., Ichihashi, T., Ito, K., & Nomura, S. (2018) · IEEJ Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Engineering · doi:10.1002/tee.22845 · Cited by 8
Segerstrom, S. C. (2019) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000701 · Cited by 10
Social cognition and cortisol in the general population: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Ji, D., Flouri, E., & Papachristou, E. (2020) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3013 · Cited by 8
Shi, X., Nie, X., & Wu, J. (2021) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2021.2008902 · Cited by 8
“Both higher and lower CARs have been linked to psychopathology and a moderate CAR is considered optimal (Chida & Steptoe, 2009; Vreeburg et al., 2009; Ulrike et al., 2013; Marin et al., 2019).”
BackgroundAldosterone secretion during the day: Salivary aldosterone awakening response and daytime levels
Gideon, A., Sauter, C., Deuber, J., Grünewald, J., & Wirtz, P. H. (2022) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105685 · Cited by 8
Hwang, B., Granger, D. A., Brecht, M., & Doering, L. V. (2022) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-022-02996-7 · Cited by 8
“And, an increased CAR was reported to be associated with chronic life stress [11, 12].”
BackgroundThe Link from Stress Arousal to Disease
Everly, G. S., & Lating, J. M. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5538-7_3 · Cited by 8
Wilcox, R. R., Granger, D. A., Szanton, S. L., & Clark, F. A. (2014) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.01.005 · Cited by 8
“Both enhanced and reduced CARs are associated with various psychosocial factors (Chida and Steptoe, 2009; Kirschbaum et al., 1995), including depression and anxiety disorders (e.g., Bhattacharyya et al., 2008; Pruessner et al., 2003; Stetler and Miller, 2005; Vreeburg et al., 2009, 2010).”
Burnout of the Mind – Burnout of the Body?
Traunmüller, C., Gaisbachgrabner, K., Lackner, H. K., & Schwerdtfeger, A. R. (2016) · Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1027/0269-8803/a000182 · Cited by 8
“It should be noted that a meta-analysis of 62 studies found that the magnitude of the CAR seems to be positively associated with job stress and general life stress, but negatively associated with fatigue, burnout, and exhaustion (Chida & Steptoe, 2009).”
BackgroundDepression, violence and cortisol awakening response: a 3-year longitudinal study in adolescents
Yu, R., Branje, S., Meeus, W., Cowen, P. J., & Fazel, S. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718001654 · Cited by 11
Sharpley, C. F., Bitsika, V., Sarmukadam, K., McMillan, M., & Agnew, L. L. (2018) · Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities · doi:10.1007/s10882-018-9633-x · Cited by 8
Estoppey, J., Léger, B., Vuistiner, P., Sartori, C. S., & Kayser, B. (2019) · High Altitude Medicine & Biology · doi:10.1089/ham.2019.0035 · Cited by 7
“Deviations from a typical CAR pattern are thought to be indicative of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis perturbations (Chida and Steptoe, 2009; Kudielka et al., 2012).”
Vine, V., Hilt, L. M., Marroquín, B. M., & Gilbert, K. (2019) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13461 · Cited by 8
“…al., 2016, Gesing et al., 2001; Joëls, Karst, DeRijk, & de Kloet, 2008), diurnal cortisol variability, which may also encode social effects (Adam et al., 2017; Chida & Steptoe, 2009) or regulatory effects of other neuropeptides such as oxytocin (e.g., Heinrichs et al., 2003; Linnen et al., 2012).”
BackgroundUse of Saliva to Better Understand the Daily Experience of Adulthood and Aging
Almeida, D. M., Piazza, J. R., Liu, Y., & Zarit, S. H. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-35784-9_27 · Cited by 8
A Test of the Association Between Mindfulness Subcomponents and Diurnal Cortisol Patterns
Manigault, A. W., Figueroa, W. S., Hollenbeck, C. R., Mendlein, A. E., Woody, A., Sinegar, S. E., Hamilton, K. R., Scanlin, M. C., Johnson, R. C., & Zoccola, P. M. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0829-4 · Cited by 9
O'Donnell, R. M. M. (2013) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) · Cited by 8
Niu, X., Utayde, M. F., Sanders, K. E. G., Cunningham, T. J., Zhang, G., Kensinger, E. A., & Payne, J. D. (2024) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-024-01209-5 · Cited by 8
“This is potentially due to the typical circadian rhythm of cortisol awak-ening responses (i.e., peak cortisol levels after waking up; Chida & Steptoe, 2009; O’Byrne et al., 2021).”
Physiological, psychosocial, and environmental factors in depression among autistic girls
Sharpley, C. F., Bitsika, V., McMillan, M., & Agnew, L. L. (2021) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1002/jdn.10122 · Cited by 7
“Depression is neurophysiologically based, with causal pathways including genes, neurohormones, and environmental and psychological stressors as antecedents (Chrousos, 2009; Lupien et al., 2009; Smoller, 2016).”
BackgroundCortisol awakening response and testosterone jointly affect adolescents' theory of mind
Wang, H., Zhang, S., Wu, S., Qin, S., & Liu, C. (2022) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2022.105258 · Cited by 7
Anand, C., Hengst, K., Gellner, R., & Englert, H. S. (2022) · Chronic Stress · doi:10.1177/24705470221099206 · Cited by 7
“For example, Daubenmier et al (2011) sampled for four days and documented significant reduction of the CAR after a mindfulness intervention (n= 19) as well as associations of changes of CAR and abdominal fat.23 Our study, though, did not show any link between the significant weight change55 and the CAR.”
BackgroundInfluentialLee, M., Kim, Y., Yoon, I., & Hong, J. K. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.08.062 · Cited by 7
Lugarinho, L. P., Avanci, J. Q., & Pinto, L. W. (2017) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/1413-81232017224.02382016 · Cited by 7
Association Between Cortisol to DHEA-s Ratio and Sickness Absence in Japanese Male Workers
Hirokawa, K., Fujii, Y., Taniguchi, T., Takaki, J., & Tsutsumi, A. (2017) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-017-9700-1 · Cited by 7
Mandel, T., Dunkley, D. M., Lewkowski, M. D., Zuroff, D. C., LUPIEN, S. J., Juster, R., Kin, N. M. K. N. Y., Foley, J. E., Myhr, G., & Westreich, R. (2018) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000284 · Cited by 11
Sex × Gender and Sexual Orientation in Relation to Stress Hormones and Allostatic Load
Juster, R. (2019) · Gender and the Genome · doi:10.1177/2470289719862555 · Cited by 7
“5 to 4 times more likely to self-report depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation/ attempts, substance abuse, eating disorders, risky sexual behaviors, homelessness, and victimization than heterosexuals.(21,28,30,31) Given these staggering statistics, the Institute of Medicine has mandated the health of LGBT people a res…”
BackgroundBolsoni, L. M., da Silva, T. D. A., Quintana, S. M., de Castro, M., Crippa, J. A. S., & Zuardi, A. W. (2019) · The Permanente Journal · doi:10.7812/tpp/18.300 · Cited by 7
Mindfulness, self-reported health, and cortisol: A latent profile analysis
Leach, S. M., Mitchell, A. M., Salmon, P. M., & Sephton, S. E. (2020) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105320931184 · Cited by 7
“Of the three cortisol measures, it is also the one most likely to be a marker of chronic stress (Chida and Steptoe, 2009; McEwen, 2004).”
BackgroundBender, D., & Lösel, F. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.636501 · Cited by 7
Metadata
- Authors
- Chida, Y., & Steptoe, A.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Chida, Yoichi
- ORCID
- Steptoe, Andrew
- Venue
- Biological Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-03
- Volume
- 80
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 265-278
- ISSN
- 0301-0511 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1987445189
- Cited by
- 1,032
- References
- 106
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 58 · 2020: 68 · 2019: 68 · 2018: 59 · 2017: 80 · 2016: 74 · 2015: 75 · 2014: 72 · 2013: 70 · 2012: 63
- FWCI
- 3.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biological Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- British Heart Foundation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Keywords
- cortisol awakening response, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, occupational stress, life events, burnout, fatigue, exhaustion, positive affect, post-traumatic stress disorder, psychosocial factors, cortisol
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Psychology, Wakefulness, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Databases, Bibliographic
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