The DOI matches its Crossref record; 39 of the 39 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 3 of the 8 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Diurnal Cortisol Interacts With Stressful Events to Prospectively Predict Depressive Symptoms in Adolescent Girls
Open accessAbstract
Purpose The aim of present study was to test the diathesis-stress model of depression using baseline cortisol, prospective assessment of depression symptoms, and stressful life events. Methods The sample consisted of 527 adolescent girls aged 13.5 – 15.5 years without major depressive disorder (MDD). At baseline, saliva samples were collected at waking, 30 minutes after waking, and 8 pm on three consecutive days. Diurnal cortisol was indexed by cortisol awakening response (CAR) and area under the curve (AUCg). Stressful events during the preceding interval and current depressive symptoms were assessed 18-months following baseline. Results Stressful events and the interaction of CAR or AUCg with stressful events predicted depressive symptoms at 18-months, even after controlling for baseline depressive symptoms. Specifically, in the face of high levels of stress, baseline blunted CAR or smaller AUCg were associated with future depressive symptoms. This was more apparent for CAR than AUCg. The effect was reversed at low levels of stress, with heightened CAR associated with more severe depressive symptoms. Conclusions Blunted CAR and less daily cortisol output at baseline appear to accentuate the depressogenic effects of stressful events after 18 months, consistent with the diathesis stress model of HPA axis function in depression.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In 527 adolescent girls without baseline MDD, baseline diurnal cortisol interacted with stressful life events to prospectively predict depressive symptoms 18 months later. Blunted cortisol awakening response (CAR) or smaller daily cortisol output (AUCg) predicted greater depressive symptoms under high stress, with the pattern reversing at low stress.
Key findings
- Stressful events predicted depressive symptoms at 18 months even after controlling for baseline depressive symptoms (p < .001).
- The CAR × stressful events interaction predicted 18-month depressive symptoms (β = −.18, p = .040), as did the AUCg × stressful events interaction (β = −.27, p = .016); the diurnal slope × stressful events interaction did not (β = .03, p = .698).
- Under high stress, blunted CAR or smaller AUCg was associated with the steepest increase in depressive symptoms; at low stress, heightened CAR or greater daily cortisol output was associated with more depressive symptoms. The effect size was slightly larger for AUCg than CAR.
- In hierarchical models, baseline CAR, AUCg, or diurnal slope did not independently predict 18-month depressive symptoms, though when all three cortisol indices were entered simultaneously, only AUCg significantly predicted depressive symptoms (β = −.19, p < .05).
Methods
- Prospective longitudinal design: 550 adolescent girls aged 13.5–15.5 years (Mage = 14.39, SD = .62) were recruited; 23 were removed as cortisol outliers, leaving N = 527. Exclusion criteria included lifetime MDD, dysthymia, intellectual disabilities, habitual smoking, and medication/disease affecting the HPA axis; 81.6% of the final sample was non-Hispanic White.
- At baseline, saliva was collected at waking, 30 minutes after waking, and 8 pm over three consecutive days; cortisol indices were CAR, AUCg, and diurnal slope. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the IDAS-II General Depression scale at baseline and 18 months, and stressful events were assessed with the SLES interview at 9 and 18 months.
- Main analysis was hierarchical multiple regression predicting 18-month depressive symptoms from baseline cortisol and intervening stressful events in step 1 and their interaction in step 2, controlling for age, BMI, pubertal stage, and baseline depressive symptoms.
Limitations
- The paper states: the sample was female only, so results may differ for male adolescents; the community sample likely had less severe depressive symptoms than clinical/treatment-seeking samples; the narrow age range may have underpowered tests of a three-way interaction with pubertal stage; waking time was self-reported and not objectively verified; and stress on the saliva sampling days was not assessed.
- Evident from the text: the outcome was self-reported depressive symptoms rather than diagnostic MDD onset, and the study did not have power to test whether pubertal stage explained the direction of effects.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
3 of 8 cited sources checked · 2 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The present study found that blunted CAR and less daily cortisol output interacted with stressful events to prospectively predict depressive symptoms. This direction is opposite of those from previous findings in this area.8,15”
§ DIURNAL CORTISOL INTERACTS WITH STRESSFUL EVENTS TO PROSPECTIVELY PREDICT DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN ADOLESCENT GIRLS > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [8] LeMoult, 2015, Predicting first onset of depression in young girls: Interaction of diurnal cortisol and negative life events, J Abnorm Psychol source
The Results (page unavailable) report the opposite direction for daily cortisol output: girls with higher AUCg were more susceptible to depression after negative life events than girls with lower AUCg. The paper also reports that a steeper CAR predicted depression in prior work, although its own CAR-by-events interaction was not significant. Together, these passages support the citing sentence’s broad comparison of directions. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [15] Vrshek-Schallhorn, 2013, The cortisol awakening response predicts major depression: Predictive stability over a 4-year follow-up and effect of depression history, Psychol Med sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports that a high CAR predicts future major depressive episode onsets, the opposite direction from the citing study’s blunted-CAR finding. But the Results say the CAR × stressful-life-events interaction was not significant, and the Discussion says other aspects of the diurnal cortisol rhythm did not predict onsets. This source therefore does not establish an opposite finding for the claimed stress interaction or lower daily cortisol output. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Briefly, baseline depressive symptoms significantly predicted depressive symptoms at 18-months (p < .001).”
§ DIURNAL CORTISOL INTERACTS WITH STRESSFUL EVENTS TO PROSPECTIVELY PREDICT DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN ADOLESCENT GIRLS > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CAR, AUCg, or diurnal slope did not predict depressive symptoms at 18-months, whereas stressful events did (p < .001).”
§ DIURNAL CORTISOL INTERACTS WITH STRESSFUL EVENTS TO PROSPECTIVELY PREDICT DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN ADOLESCENT GIRLS > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, in the face of high levels of stress, baseline blunted CAR or smaller AUCg were associated with future depressive symptoms.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Consistent across the two indices, high levels of stress plus blunted CAR or less daily cortisol output (1SD below the mean) predicts the steepest increase in depressive symptoms.”
§ DIURNAL CORTISOL INTERACTS WITH STRESSFUL EVENTS TO PROSPECTIVELY PREDICT DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN ADOLESCENT GIRLS > Abstract > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effect was reversed at low levels of stress, with heightened CAR associated with more severe depressive symptoms.”
§ DIURNAL CORTISOL INTERACTS WITH STRESSFUL EVENTS TO PROSPECTIVELY PREDICT DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN ADOLESCENT GIRLS > Abstract > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As presented in Figure 1A, the increase in depressive symptoms associated with blunted CAR is 1.5 times the increase in depressive symptoms associated with heightened CAR under the same changes in stress.”
§ DIURNAL CORTISOL INTERACTS WITH STRESSFUL EVENTS TO PROSPECTIVELY PREDICT DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN ADOLESCENT GIRLS > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That is, heightened CAR or greater daily cortisol output (1SD above the mean) is associated with more depressive symptoms.”
§ DIURNAL CORTISOL INTERACTS WITH STRESSFUL EVENTS TO PROSPECTIVELY PREDICT DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN ADOLESCENT GIRLS > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Stressful events and the interaction of CAR or AUCg with stressful events predicted depressive symptoms at 18-months, even after controlling for baseline depressive symptoms.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“CAR, AUCg, or diurnal slope did not predict depressive symptoms at 18-months, whereas stressful events did (p < .001).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · boosted
“First, consistent with the current literature,2–6,8 stressful events were strongly associated with depressive symptoms.”
§ DIURNAL CORTISOL INTERACTS WITH STRESSFUL EVENTS TO PROSPECTIVELY PREDICT DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN ADOLESCENT GIRLS > Abstract > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The interaction between CAR and stressful events added in Step 2 significantly predicted depressive symptoms at 18-months (β = −.18, p = .040; region of significance of stressful events = [−24.46, 6.00], 24.9% of the sample fell within this region).”
§ DIURNAL CORTISOL INTERACTS WITH STRESSFUL EVENTS TO PROSPECTIVELY PREDICT DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN ADOLESCENT GIRLS > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CAR, AUCg, or diurnal slope did not predict depressive symptoms at 18-months, whereas stressful events did (p < .001).”
§ DIURNAL CORTISOL INTERACTS WITH STRESSFUL EVENTS TO PROSPECTIVELY PREDICT DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN ADOLESCENT GIRLS > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- It may state two separate claims as one. 9
- Probably not a substantial claim. 8
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“AUCg, on the other hand, reflects daily total cortisol circulation and may be more sensitive to stressors throughout the day.8”
§ DIURNAL CORTISOL INTERACTS WITH STRESSFUL EVENTS TO PROSPECTIVELY PREDICT DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN ADOLESCENT GIRLS > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [8] LeMoult, 2015, Predicting first onset of depression in young girls: Interaction of diurnal cortisol and negative life events, J Abnorm Psychol source
The Discussion states that AUCg indexes total cortisol exposure throughout the day and is sensitive to multiple environmental demands. It also suggests that AUCg may be a more appropriate index of sensitivity to environmental stressors than CAR, matching the claim’s qualified wording. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“This lack of cortisol elevation when it is supposed to be high suggests a lack of biological capacity in response to stressful events, which may contribute to development of depressive symptoms.10,34”
§ DIURNAL CORTISOL INTERACTS WITH STRESSFUL EVENTS TO PROSPECTIVELY PREDICT DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN ADOLESCENT GIRLS > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] McEwen, 2004, Protection and damage from acute and chronic stress: Allostasis and allostatic overload and relevance to the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders, Ann N Y Acad Sci source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [34] Raison, 2003, When not enough is too much: The role of insufficient glucocorticoid signaling in the pathophysiology of stress-related disorders, Am J Psychiatry source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Absence of a lifetime history of MDD or dysthymia at the baseline assessment was confirmed by a diagnostic interview using the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children, Present and Lifetime Version (KSADS).24”
§ DIURNAL CORTISOL INTERACTS WITH STRESSFUL EVENTS TO PROSPECTIVELY PREDICT DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN ADOLESCENT GIRLS > Methods > Participants
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [24] Kaufman, 1997, Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): Initial reliability and validity data, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The attrition rate with respect to the outcome (i.e., depressive symptoms at 18-months) was 6.8%.”
§ DIURNAL CORTISOL INTERACTS WITH STRESSFUL EVENTS TO PROSPECTIVELY PREDICT DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN ADOLESCENT GIRLS > Methods > Procedure
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The scale had excellent internal consistency at baseline and 18-months (α’s = .89 and .91, respectively).”
§ DIURNAL CORTISOL INTERACTS WITH STRESSFUL EVENTS TO PROSPECTIVELY PREDICT DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN ADOLESCENT GIRLS > Methods > Clinical Assessments
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, we did not assess stress on the day of the sampling period per se. Such stressors may contribute to the day-to-day variability of cortisol and, as nuisance effects, may have weakened the magnitude of our observed effects.”
§ DIURNAL CORTISOL INTERACTS WITH STRESSFUL EVENTS TO PROSPECTIVELY PREDICT DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN ADOLESCENT GIRLS > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adherence to instructions was checked during the baseline visit (diary and MEMS data).”
§ DIURNAL CORTISOL INTERACTS WITH STRESSFUL EVENTS TO PROSPECTIVELY PREDICT DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN ADOLESCENT GIRLS > Methods > Procedure
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blunted CAR and less daily cortisol output do not appear to be associated with depression at low levels of stress, and in fact may be associated with less depression, which to our knowledge has not been reported previously.”
§ DIURNAL CORTISOL INTERACTS WITH STRESSFUL EVENTS TO PROSPECTIVELY PREDICT DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN ADOLESCENT GIRLS > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Specifically, CAR may be a unique component of the HPA-axis, representing its response to awakening, and is less likely to be influenced by stressors throughout the day.32,33”
§ DIURNAL CORTISOL INTERACTS WITH STRESSFUL EVENTS TO PROSPECTIVELY PREDICT DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN ADOLESCENT GIRLS > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [32] Chida, 2009, Cortisol awakening response and psychosocial factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Biol Psychol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] Wilhelm, 2007, Is the cortisol awakening rise a response to awakening?, Psychoneuroendocrinology source
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fourth, the present study relies on self-report of waking time. As such, we were not able to verify the self-reported waking time with an objective measure (e.g., actigraphy).”
§ DIURNAL CORTISOL INTERACTS WITH STRESSFUL EVENTS TO PROSPECTIVELY PREDICT DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN ADOLESCENT GIRLS > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Saliva samples were assayed in duplicate for cortisol, using a time-resolved immuno-assay with fluorescence detection (DELFIA). An average coefficient of variation (CV) for each sample was calculated. The samples were reanalyzed when CV values were greater than 12% and cortisol values were greater than 5 nmol/L, as well as any cortisol values ≥ 100 nmol/L.”
§ DIURNAL CORTISOL INTERACTS WITH STRESSFUL EVENTS TO PROSPECTIVELY PREDICT DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN ADOLESCENT GIRLS > Methods > Biological Assessments
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blunted CAR and less daily cortisol output at baseline appear to accentuate the depressogenic effects of stressful events after 18 months, consistent with the diathesis stress model of HPA axis function in depression.”
§ DIURNAL CORTISOL INTERACTS WITH STRESSFUL EVENTS TO PROSPECTIVELY PREDICT DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN ADOLESCENT GIRLS > Abstract > Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In total, 23 adolescent participants were deemed as outliers (see statistical analyses for details of outlier analysis), leaving a final sample of 527 adolescents.”
§ DIURNAL CORTISOL INTERACTS WITH STRESSFUL EVENTS TO PROSPECTIVELY PREDICT DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN ADOLESCENT GIRLS > Methods > Participants
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 23Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study was approved by the Stony Brook University Institutional Review Board. Informed parental consent and adolescent assent were obtained.”
§ DIURNAL CORTISOL INTERACTS WITH STRESSFUL EVENTS TO PROSPECTIVELY PREDICT DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN ADOLESCENT GIRLS > Methods > Participants
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Direct tests of the diathesis-stress model of depression in adolescents are rare.
“Direct tests of the diathesis-stress model of depression require assessments of depression, diurnal cortisol and stressful events in a prospective design. Such studies of adolescents are rare..”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Positive correlation described as negative
MinorThe text says diurnal slope was negatively associated with both AUCg and CAR, but the reported correlation with CAR is positive (.17).
“diurnal slope was negatively associated with AUCg and CAR, respectively”
“(rs = −.27 and .17, respectively, p < .001)”
Abstract and results disagree on which cortisol interaction was stronger
MinorThe abstract says the high-stress association was more apparent for CAR than AUCg, while the Results section says the effect size was slightly larger for AUCg.
“This was more apparent for CAR than AUCg.”
“The effect size is slightly larger for AUCg.”
Citations
Cites
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Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Positive memory specificity is associated with reduced vulnerability to depression
Askelund, A. D., Schweizer, S., Goodyer, I. M., & van Harmelen, A. (2019) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-018-0504-3 · Cited by 102
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Unraveling the Complex Interplay Between Neuroinflammation and Depression: A Comprehensive Review
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Metadata
- Authors
- Schuler, K. L., Ruggero, C. J., Goldstein, B. L., Perlman, G., Klein, D. N., & Kotov, R.
- Affiliations
- University of North Texas (US)
- Stony Brook University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Schuler, Keke L.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Adolescent Health
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-12
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 767-772
- ISSN
- 1054-139X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5701854
- OpenAlex
- W2756097366
- Semantic Scholar
- c5f4661824f1d411bc6bd6de19333cfb99ac34eb
- Cited by
- 30
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 1.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Adolescent Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH093479)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- diurnal cortisol, cortisol awakening response, area under the curve, life events, depressive symptoms, adolescent girls, diathesis-stress model, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, blunted cortisol response, depression risk prediction
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Circadian Rhythm, Depression, Disease Susceptibility, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Prospective Studies, Saliva, Stress, Psychological
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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