The DOI matches its Crossref record; 80 of the 88 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Autonomic specificity of basic emotions: Evidence from pattern classification and cluster analysis
Abstract
Autonomic nervous system (ANS) specificity of emotion remains controversial in contemporary emotion research, and has received mixed support over decades of investigation. This study was designed to replicate and extend psychophysiological research, which has used multivariate pattern classification analysis (PCA) in support of ANS specificity. Forty-nine undergraduates (27 women) listened to emotion-inducing music and viewed affective films while a montage of ANS variables, including heart rate variability indices, peripheral vascular activity, systolic time intervals, and electrodermal activity, were recorded. Evidence for ANS discrimination of emotion was found via PCA with 44.6% of overall observations correctly classified into the predicted emotion conditions, using ANS variables (z=16.05, p<.001). Cluster analysis of these data indicated a lack of distinct clusters, which suggests that ANS responses to the stimuli were nomothetic and stimulus-specific rather than idiosyncratic and individual-specific. Collectively these results further confirm and extend support for the notion that basic emotions have distinct ANS signatures.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The same is true for studies that successfully created different patterns of autonomic physiology, despite using the same stimuli and experimental method, and sampling from the same population (e.g. Stephens et al., 2010; Kragel and LaBar, 2013).”
From The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization (2016) · cites this paper as Stephens et al., 2010
Citations
Cites
Hierarchical Grouping to Optimize an Objective Function
Ward, J. H. (1963) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1963.10500845 · Cited by 21,341
Russell, J. A. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0077714 · Cited by 16,334
An argument for basic emotions
Ekman, P. (1992) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699939208411068 · Cited by 9,646
Multivariate Data Analysis with Readings.
Rutherford, G. S. W., Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (1988) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series D (The Statistician) · doi:10.2307/2348783 · Cited by 5,841
Bagby, R. M., Parker, J. D. A., & Taylor, G. J. (1994) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(94)90005-1 · Cited by 5,293
Multivariate Data Analysis with Readings.
Jolliffe, I. T., Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (1988) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (Statistics in Society) · doi:10.2307/2983017 · Cited by 5,106
(2001) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511546396 · Cited by 4,482
JAMES, W. (1884) · Mind · doi:10.1093/mind/os-ix.34.188 · Cited by 3,446
The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions.
Ekman, P., & Davidson, R. J. (1994) · Oxford University Press eBooks · Cited by 2,839
The twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia scale—II. Convergent, discriminant, and concurrent validity
Bagby, R. M., Taylor, G. J., & Parker, J. D. A. (1994) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(94)90006-x · Cited by 2,431
Perception and the conditioned reflex
Granger, G. W. (1964) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(64)90061-0 · Cited by 2,209
Emotion elicitation using films
Gross, J. J., & Levenson, R. W. (1995) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699939508408966 · Cited by 2,179
Perception and the Conditioned Reflex
Hay, J. C., & Sokolov, Y. N. (1966) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1420734 · Cited by 2,123
Barrett, L. F. (2006) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2006.00003.x · Cited by 1,859
Dawson, M. E., Schell, A. M., Filion, D. L., & Berntson, G. G. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511546396.007 · Cited by 1,776
Social psychophysiology : a sourcebook
Cacioppo, J. T., Petty, R. E., & Shapiro, D. (1983) · Cited by 1,596
Positive emotions speed recovery from the cardiovascular sequelae of negative emotions
L. Fredrickson, B., & Levenson, R. W. (1998) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/026999398379718 · Cited by 1,592
Design and Analysis of Experiments
Ryan, T. P. (2007) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470187548.ch12 · Cited by 1,435
A GENERAL PSYCHOEVOLUTIONARY THEORY OF EMOTION
PLUTCHIK, R. (1980) · Theories of Emotion · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-558701-3.50007-7 · Cited by 1,370
Multivariate Data Analysis with Readings
Sparkman, R. M., Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Grablowsky, B. J. (1979) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.2307/3150726 · Cited by 1,277
The Tie That Binds? Coherence Among Emotion Experience, Behavior, and Physiology.
Mauss, I. B., Levenson, R. W., McCarter, L., Wilhelm, F. H., & Gross, J. J. (2005) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.5.2.175 · Cited by 1,201
Methodological Guidelines for Impedance Cardiography
Sherwood, A., Allen, M. T., Fahrenberg, J., Kelsey, R. M., Lovallo, W. R., & van Doornen, L. J. P. (1990) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1990.tb02171.x · Cited by 1,169
Development and evaluation of an impedance cardiac output system.
Kubicek, W. G., Karnegis, J. N., PATTERSON, R. P., Witsoe, D. A., & Mattson, R. H. (1966) · PubMed · Cited by 1,143
Relative effectiveness and validity of mood induction procedures: a meta-analysis
Westermann, R., Spies, K., Stahl, G., & Hesse, F. W. (1996) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0992(199607)26:4 · Cited by 1,134
Grossman, P., & Taylor, E. W. (2007) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2005.11.014 · Cited by 1,133
The Handbook of emotion elicitation and assessment
(2008) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.46-1769 · Cited by 1,128
(1967) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,115
Basic Emotions, Natural Kinds, Emotion Schemas, and a New Paradigm
Izard, C. E. (2007) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00044.x · Cited by 1,110
Applied Discriminant Analysis.
Hand, D. J., & Huberty, C. J. (1995) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2533021 · Cited by 990
The psychophysiology of emotion.
Larsen, J. T., Berntson, G. G., Poehlmann, K. M., Ito, T. A., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1993) · Cited by 957
Emotion Elicitation Using Films
Rottenberg, J. A., Ray, R. D., & Gross, J. J. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195169157.003.0002 · Cited by 862
(1962) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10591-000 · Cited by 717
James, W. (1977) · Williams & Wilkins eBooks · doi:10.1037/10735-001 · Cited by 661
Biomedical Signal Analysis: A Case-Study Approach
Rangayyan, R. M. (2009) · Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers eBooks · doi:10.1109/9780470544204 · Cited by 655
Experimental inductions of emotional states and their effectiveness: A review
Gerrards-Hesse, A., Spies, K., & Hesse, F. W. (1994) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1994.tb02508.x · Cited by 538
Basic emotions are associated with distinct patterns of cardiorespiratory activity
Rainville, P., Bechara, A., Naqvi, N. H., & Damásio, A. R. (2006) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.10.024 · Cited by 533
A psychoevolutionary theory of emotions
Plutchik, R. (1982) · Social Science Information · doi:10.1177/053901882021004003 · Cited by 504
Cardiovascular, electrodermal, and respiratory response patterns to fear‐ and sadness‐inducing films
Kreibig, S. D., Wilhelm, F. H., Roth, W. T., & Gross, J. J. (2007) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00550.x · Cited by 495
The many metrics of cardiac chronotropy: A pragmatic primer and a brief comparison of metrics
Allen, J. J. B., Chambers, A. S., & Towers, D. N. (2007) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2006.08.005 · Cited by 491
Psychophysiological approaches to the evaluation of psychotherapeutic process and outcome.
Lacey, J. I. (2004) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10036-010 · Cited by 467
Intense emotional responses to music: a test of the physiological arousal hypothesis
Rickard, N. S. (2004) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/0305735604046096 · Cited by 430
Issues in the use and interpretation of discriminant analysis.
Huberty, C. J. (1984) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.95.1.156 · Cited by 411
Heckler, C. E., & Huberty, C. J. (1995) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1269928 · Cited by 409
A comparison of three quantification methods for estimation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia.
Grossman, P., van Beek, J., & Wientjes, C. (1990) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1990.tb03198.x · Cited by 381
Distinguishing among Orienting, Defense, and Startle Reflexes
Graham, F. K. (2021) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003171409-10 · Cited by 354
Autonomic specificity of discrete emotion and dimensions of affective space: a multivariate approach
Christie, I. C., & Friedman, B. H. (2004) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2003.08.002 · Cited by 347
Self-citationPanksepp, J. (2007) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00045.x · Cited by 339
Methodological issues in the quantification of respiratory sinus arrhythmia.
Denver, J. W., Reed, S. F., & Porges, S. W. (2007) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2005.09.005 · Cited by 333
Ambulatory measurement of respiratory sinus arrhythmia and respiration rate
de Geus, E. J. C., Willemsen, G. A. H. M., Klaver, C. H. A. M., & van Doornen, L. J. P. (1995) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/0301-0511(95)05137-6 · Cited by 328
(1997) · VU Research Portal · Cited by 307
Autonomic Response Specificity
Lacey, J. I., BATEMAN, D. E., & VanLEHN, R. (1953) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-195301000-00002 · Cited by 297
Bias in Multiple Discriminant Analysis
Frank, R. E., Massy, W. F., & Morrison, D. G. (1965) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1177/002224376500200304 · Cited by 273
Emotions are functional, most of the time
Frijda, N. H. (1994) · UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) · Cited by 270
Cardiovascular and respiratory responses during musical mood induction
Etzel, J. A., Johnsen, E. L., Dickerson, J. A., Tranel, D., & Adolphs, R. (2006) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.10.025 · Cited by 267
Of Mice and Men: Natural Kinds of Emotions in the Mammalian Brain? A Response to Panksepp and Izard
Barrett, L. F., Lindquist, K. A., Bliss‐Moreau, E., Duncan, S., Gendron, M., Mize, J., & Brennan, L. E. (2007) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00046.x · Cited by 237
The Autonomic Differentiation of Emotions Revisited: Convergent and Discriminant Validation
Stemmler, G. (1989) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1989.tb03163.x · Cited by 193
The Psychophysiology of Emotion
Boucsein, W. (2000) · 한국감성과학회 춘계학술대회 · Cited by 180
Feelings and the body: the Jamesian perspective on autonomic specificity of emotion
Friedman, B. H. (2010) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.10.006 · Cited by 178
Self-citationEngineering Psychophysiology : Issues and Applications
Boucsein, W. (2009) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 175
Physiologic Study of Symptom Mechanisms in Psychiatric Patients Under Stress
Malmo, R. B., & Shagass, C. (1949) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-194901000-00004 · Cited by 167
Circulatory Physiology—the Essentials.
(1980) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-93-4-650_7 · Cited by 154
Fridlund, A. J., SCHWARTZ, G. E. R., & Fowler, S. C. (1984) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1984.tb00249.x · Cited by 136
Stimulus-Response and Individual-Response Specificity
Engel, B. T. (1960) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1960.03590090061010 · Cited by 124
Ekman, P. (2003) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1280.002 · Cited by 119
Ritz, T. (2008) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2008.08.003 · Cited by 99
Discriminant Analysis and Clustering: Panel on Discriminant Analysis, Classification, and Clustering
(1989) · Statistical Science · doi:10.1214/ss/1177012666 · Cited by 83
Emotions in the practice of psychotherapy: Clinical implications of affect theories.
Plutchik, R. (2000) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10366-000 · Cited by 81
On the status of individual response specificity.
Marwitz, M., & Stemmler, G. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 67
Cluster analyses of cardiovascular responsivity to three laboratory stressors.
Allen, M. T., Boquet, A. J., & Shelley, K. S. (1991) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199105000-00002 · Cited by 56
Fahrenberg, J. (1986) · Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0146-6402(86)90010-x · Cited by 51
Estimation of Error Rates in Several-Population Discriminant Analysis
Hora, S. C., & Wilcox, J. B. (1982) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1177/002224378201900105 · Cited by 48
Foerster, F. (1983) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/0301-0511(83)90063-7 · Cited by 42
On the status of individual response specificity
Marwitz, M., & Stemmler, G. (1998) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.3510001 · Cited by 37
Panksepp, J. (2008) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00081.x · Cited by 36
Circulatory Physiology: The Essentials
Fisch, C. (1981) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1981.03310430059029 · Cited by 29
Psychophysiological response specificities: A replication over a 12-month period
Foerster, F. (1985) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/0301-0511(85)90028-6 · Cited by 28
Turner, M. A. (2000) · Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing · doi:10.1097/00003465-200019030-00001 · Cited by 12
Emotions in the practice of psychotherapy: clinical implications of affect theories
(2001) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.38-6491 · Cited by 6
Concerto for two pianos, percussion and orchestra
Bartók, B. (1970) · Boosey & Hawkes eBooks · Cited by 1
(1993)
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Kubicek, 1966, Development and evaluation of an impedance cardiograph system, Aerospace Medicine, 37, 1208
- Levenson, R.W., 1994. Human emotions: A functional view. In: Davidson R.J., Ekman P., Scherer K. (Series Eds.) and Ekman P., Davidson R.J. (Vol. Eds.), The Nature of Emotion: Fundamental Questions. Oxford, New York, pp. 123–126.
- Levenson, R.W., 1994. The search for autonomic specificty. In: Davidson R.J., Ekman P., Scherer K. (Series Eds.) and Ekman P., Davidson R.J. (Vol. Eds.), The Nature of Emotion: Fundamental Questions. Oxford, New York, pp. 252–257.
- Penderecki, K., 1961. Threnody for the Victims of Hiroshima [Recorded by Antoni Wit and The National Polish Symphony Orchestra in Katowice]. On Penderecki: Orchestral Works Vol. 1 [CD]. Naxos. (1999).
- Stephens, 2007, Empirical validation of music excerpts for investigations of emotion and emotion elicitation.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Emotional expressions reconsidered: Challenges to inferring emotion from human facial movements
Barrett, L. F., Adolphs, R., Marsella, S., Martinez, A. M., & Pollak, S. D. (2019) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1177/1529100619832930 · Cited by 1,748
The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization
Barrett, L. F. (2016) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsw154 · Cited by 1,426
“The same is true for studies that successfully created different patterns of autonomic physiology, despite using the same stimuli and experimental method, and sampling from the same population (e.g. Stephens et al. , 2010; Kragel and LaBar, 2013).”
The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization
Barrett, L. F. (2017) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsx060 · Cited by 1,009
“The same is true for studies that successfully created different patterns of autonomic physiology, despite using the same stimuli and experimental method, and sampling from the same population (e.g. Stephens et al., 2010; Kragel and LaBar, 2013).”
Siegel, E. H., Sands, M. K., Van den Noortgate, W., Condon, P., Chang, Y., Dy, J., Quigley, K. S., & Barrett, L. F. (2018) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000128 · Cited by 515
A new three-dimensional model for emotions and monoamine neurotransmitters
Lövheim, H. (2011) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2011.11.016 · Cited by 396
Metadata
- Authors
- Stephens, C. L., Christie, I. C., & Friedman, B. H.
- Affiliations
- Virginia Tech (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Corresponding author
- Friedman, Bruce H.
- Venue
- Biological Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-07
- Volume
- 84
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 463-473
- ISSN
- 0301-0511 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2112273791
- Cited by
- 209
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 8.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biological Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Emotion and Mood Recognition
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- autonomic nervous system, basic emotions, emotion specificity, heart rate variability, systolic time intervals, electrodermal activity, pattern classification
- MeSH terms
- Acoustic Stimulation, Adolescent, Adult, Autonomic Nervous System, Blood Pressure, Electrocardiography, Electroencephalography, Emotions, Female, Galvanic Skin Response, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Motion Pictures, Music, Photic Stimulation, Predictive Value of Tests, Surveys and Questionnaires, Cluster Analysis, Principal Component Analysis, Young Adult, Self Report
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
