Cardiovascular, electrodermal, and respiratory response patterns to fear‐ and sadness‐inducing films
Open accessAbstract
Responses to fear‐ and sadness‐inducing films were assessed using a broad range of cardiovascular (heart rate, T‐wave amplitude, low‐ and high‐frequency heart rate variability, stroke volume, preejection period, left‐ventricular ejection time, Heather index, blood pressure, pulse amplitude and transit time, and finger temperature), electrodermal (level, response rate, and response amplitude), and respiratory (rate, tidal volume and its variability, inspiratory flow rate, duty cycle, and end‐tidal pCO 2) measures. Subjective emotional experience and facial behavior (Corrugator Supercilii and Zygomaticus Major EMG) served as control measures. Results indicated robust differential physiological response patterns for fear, sadness, and neutral (mean classification accuracy 85%). Findings are discussed in terms of the fight–flight and conservation–withdrawal responses and possible limitations of a valence‐arousal categorization of emotion in affective space.
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A positive correlation exists between skin conductance on the palm and volar wrist with chronic and acute stress levels.
“while a positive correlation exists between skin conductance on the palm and volar wrist with chronic and acute stress levels.95”
From Wearable sensors for monitoring the physiological and biochemical profile of the athlete (2019) · cites this paper as [95]
Among ANS responses, skin temperature, skin conductance, and arterial pulsewave signals are required for comprehensive multimodal physiological data analysis.
“Among ANS responses, the skin temperature1126, skin conductance112628, and arterial pulsewave11232628 signals are required for the comprehensive multimodal physiological data analysis.”
From A Flexible and Wearable Human Stress Monitoring Patch (2016) · cites this paper as [11]
The stress signals of skin temperature, skin conductance, and pulsewave are dependent on the stimulation time and categorized into acute stress (response under 3 seconds stimulation) and chronic stress (response over 3 seconds stimulation).
“The stress signals of skin temperature, skin conductance, and pulsewave are dependent on the stimulation time and categorized in two types: acute stress (response under 3 seconds stimulation)11 and chronic stress (response over 3 seconds stimulation)39.”
From A Flexible and Wearable Human Stress Monitoring Patch (2016) · cites this paper as [11]
Skin conductance on palm and volar part of the wrist has a positive relationship with both chronic and acute stress levels.
“Skin conductance on palm and volar part of the wrist has positive relationship11 with both of the chronic and the acute stress levels.”
From A Flexible and Wearable Human Stress Monitoring Patch (2016) · cites this paper as [11]
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Autonomic nervous system activity in emotion: a review
Kreibig, S. D. (2010) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.03.010 · Cited by 3,188 · see citing works
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Jacobson, N. C., & Newman, M. G. (2017) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000111 · Cited by 576 · see citing works
Wearable sensors for monitoring the physiological and biochemical profile of the athlete
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“Previous research has found that increases in sadness are associated with decreases in SCL (Kunzmann & Gruhn, 2005; Mauss et al., 2005; Kreibig et al., 2007).”
Self-citationEmotional coregulation in close relationships
Butler, E. A., & Randall, A. K. (2013) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073912451630 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
Emotion regulation and decision making under risk and uncertainty
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“While there are other physiological manifestations of stress, such as changes in skin conductivity, skin temperature, and blood-pressure, ECG and respiration are the primary ones [17, 20, 21, 40].”
BackgroundCognitive reappraisal and acceptance: Effects on emotion, physiology, and perceived cognitive costs.
Troy, A. S., Shallcross, A. J., Brunner, A., Friedman, R., & Jones, M. C. (2017) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000371 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Mapping discrete and dimensional emotions onto the brain: controversies and consensus
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Electrical autonomic correlates of emotion
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Wilhelm, F. H., & Grossman, P. (2010) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.01.017 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
“Nevertheless, efforts are currently under way to apply modern pattern recognition procedures to classification of affective state solely on the basis of physiological signals (Christie and Friedman, 2004; Kreibig et al., 2007; Kolodyazhniy et al., 2010; Picard et al., 2001; Stephens et al., 2010).”
Self-citationCardiac vagal control as a marker of emotion regulation in healthy adults: a review
Balzarotti, S., Biassoni, F., Colombo, B., & Ciceri, M. R. (2017) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.10.008 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Classifying Different Emotional States by Means of EEG-Based Functional Connectivity Patterns
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“Kreibig has indicated that sadness and fear might be expected to differ physiologically [40]; hence, different emotions might cause divergent brain synchronization even when both are considered to be negative emotions.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialFeeling good: Autonomic nervous system responding in five positive emotions.
Shiota, M. N., Neufeld, S. L., Yeung, W. H., Moser, S. E., & Perea, E. F. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0024278 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Plarre, K., Raij, A. B., Hossain, S. M., Ali, A. A., Nakajima, M., Al’Absi, M., Ertin, E., Kamarck, T. W., Kumar, S., Scott, M. S., et al. (2011) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN) · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Detecting Moments of Stress from Measurements of Wearable Physiological Sensors
Kyriakou, K., Resch, B., Sagl, G., Petutschnig, A., Werner, C., Niederseer, D., Liedlgruber, M., Wilhelm, F. H., Osborne, T., & Pykett, J. (2019) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s19173805 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
“[56] distinguish fear, sadness, and calm, inducing films.”
Self-citationde Wied, M. A., Boxtel, A. V., Matthys, W., & Meeus, W. (2011) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9557-8 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
“In normal persons, passive exposure to film clips eliciting sadness, anger, or happiness is generally associated with HR deceleration (e.g., Kreibig et al. 2007; Tsai et al. 2000; Waldstein et al. 2000), possibly reflecting an orienting/attention response.”
BackgroundLindquist, K. A., Siegel, E. H., Quigley, K. S., & Barrett, L. F. (2013) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0029038 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Vecchiato, G., Laura Astolfi, A., Fallani, F. D. V., Febo Cincotti, A., Donatella Mattia, A., Salinari, S., Soranzo, R., & Babiloni, F. (2009) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-009-0127-0 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
“…control of the heart rate and reflects mixed sympathetic and parasympathetic modulation of Heart Rate Variability (HRV); instead, HF band corresponds to vagally mediated modulation of HRV associated with respiration (Berntson et al. 1997; Malik et al. 1996; Mendez et al. 2006; Kreibig et al. 2007).”
BackgroundAutonomic specificity of basic emotions: Evidence from pattern classification and cluster analysis
Stephens, C. L., Christie, I. C., & Friedman, B. H. (2010) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.03.014 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Ertin, E., Stohs, N., Kumar, S., Raij, A. B., Al’Absi, M., & Shah, S. G. (2011) · ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys) · doi:10.1145/2070942.2070970 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
“In previous works [8, 26, 13, 12], physiological measures of heart-respiration rate and its variability, blood pressure, eye activity, skin conductivity, muscle activity, and skin temperature have been found to respond to stress.”
BackgroundBiomarkers and Detection Platforms for Human Health and Performance Monitoring: A Review
Sim, J. K., Brothers, M. C., Slocik, J. M., Islam, A. E., Maruyama, B., Grigsby, C. C., Naik, R. R., & Kim, S. S. (2022) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202104426 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Physiological correlates and emotional specificity of human piloerection
Benedek, M., & Kaernbach, C. (2011) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.12.012 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Feelings and the body: the Jamesian perspective on autonomic specificity of emotion
Friedman, B. H. (2010) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.10.006 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
“…robustly replicated in other PCA studies using similar ANS variables, across a wide range of affect induction contexts, such as films (Christie and Friedman, 2004; Kreibig et al., 2007; Stephens et al., this issue), music (Stephens et al., this issue), and emotional recall (Rainville et al., 2006).”
Watching emotional movies: Affective reactions and gender differences
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“Also, prior studies have shownmixed electrodermal responding to sadness, which may suggest that there is no “typical” electrodermal response pattern to this emotion (see Kreibig et al., 2007).”
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“Following each movie, participants rated the degree of distinct emotions elicited by the movie, using an 11-points Likert-like scale [38].”
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Valence, arousal and dominance in the EEG during game play
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“Several studies have shown the principal capability to yield estimates of user states with acceptable precision via physiological (Benovoy et al., 2008; Chanel et al., 2006, 2008; Kim and André, 2008; Kreibig et al., 2007; Liu et al., 2009; Mandryk et al., 2006; Picard et al., 2001; Rainville et al., 2006) and neuroph…”
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“…in heart rate, respiration rate, pupil diameter, galvanic skin responses, etc.) and a variety of threat-related stimuli, including film clips (Kreibig et al., 2007), digital images (Bradley & Lang, 2007; Bradley, Miccoli, Escrig, & Lang, 2008), mental imagery (Stemmler, Aue, & Wacker, 2007;…”
BackgroundThe neuroscience of sadness: A multidisciplinary synthesis and collaborative review
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“, 2006), with increased blood pressure (Averill, 1969; Kreibig et al., 2007) and decreased finger pulse amplitude and temperature also observed (Kreibig et al.”
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Self-citationModels and methods of emotional concordance
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Assessing equine emotional state
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“8 accuracy of 85%) between fear, sadness and neutral emotional responses to watching films, matched for arousal and valence (Kreibig et al., 2007).”
BackgroundGilman, T. L., Shaheen, R., Nylocks, K. M., Halachoff, D. J., Chapman, J., Flynn, J. J., Matt, L. M., & Coifman, K. G. (2017) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-016-0842-x · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Wearables and Location Tracking Technologies for Mental-State Sensing in Outdoor Environments
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“It is thought to play a major role in the Wearables and Location Tracking Technologies for Mental-State Sensing fight-or-flight response during events that are conceived to pose a threat to one ’ s survival (Cannon 1929; Kreibig et al. 2007).”
BackgroundMethodEmpathy Manipulation Impacts Music-Induced Emotions: A Psychophysiological Study on Opera
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Affective Man-Machine Interface: Unveiling Human Emotions through Biosignals
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“These are known to reflect emotions [66]; see also both Table 1 and Table 2.”
BackgroundStudying the dynamics of autonomic activity during emotional experience
Golland, Y., Keissar, K., & Levit‐Binnun, N. (2014) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12261 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
How to Measure Cerebral Correlates of Emotions in Marketing Relevant Tasks
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“, the positive or negative component of the emotion [43–46].”
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Effects of orally administered lavender essential oil on responses to anxiety‐provoking film clips
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“Suspenseful film clips have been shown to increase levels of physiological arousal typical of the somatic components of anxiety, such as cardiovascular measures, electrodermal skin response (GSR), and respiration (Kreibig et al., 2007; Totten and France, 1995).”
BackgroundBarton, K. R., Yazdani, Y., Ayer, N., Kalvapalle, S., Brown, S., Stapleton, J. E., Brown, D. G., & Harrigan, K. A. (2017) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-017-9688-0 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Adaptive virtual environments for neuropsychological assessment in serious games
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“Respiration rate has consistently been shown to increase in response to heightened levels of arousal associated with arousing stimuli [14], [20].”
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Emotion-color associations in the context of the face
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“…avoidance-oriented emotions (Nesse, 1990, 1991), have been shown to elicit peripheral vasoconstriction in some instances (Drummond, 1997; Kreibig, Wilhelm, Roth, & Gross, 2007; although this is not always the case; Kreibig et al., 2007), and were adjusted to look less red and yellow on faces.”
BackgroundThe psychophysiology of mixed emotional states
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“These solutions achieve higher accuracy than the photo-plethysmography sensor [61,62].”
BackgroundOn Modality Effects in Bilingual Emotional Language Processing: Evidence from Galvanic Skin Response
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“…Kensinger 2004), previous studies have shown that this difference might not necessarily be reflected in GSR patterns (e.g., Levenson et al. 1990; Kreibig et al. 2007; Vidmar et al. 2016), thus indicating that GSR signal might not be a clear indicator of which particular basic emotion is…”
ResultBenefits of emotional integration and costs of emotional distancing
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Emotions as discrete patterns of systemic activity
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Effects of Empathic Paraphrasing – Extrinsic Emotion Regulation in Social Conflict
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“BVP amplitude has been found to be lower during episodes of increased sympathetic activity (Shelley, 2007) and has also been shown to decrease when feeling fear or sadness in several studies (Kreibig et al., 2007).”
ResultAffective Synchrony and Autonomic Coupling during Cooperation: A Hyperscanning Study
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Neuroticism Modifies Psychophysiological Responses to Fearful Films
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“BioVid Emo DB”: A multimodal database for emotion analyses validated by subjective ratings
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“External stimuli include pictures [11], [12], film clips [13], [14] and music [15], while internal stimuli refer to self-paced imagination methods [16] or autobiographical memory tasks [17].”
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Understanding mixed emotions: paradigms and measures
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Self-citationModulation of negative emotions through anodal tDCS over the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
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Psychophysiological Response Patterns to Affective Film Stimuli
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“Previous studies that used the film-viewing paradigm to investigate physiological response patterns of positive and negative affective states mainly focused on physiological response patterns within the ANS (e.g., SCR, HR) [7,21,22,27] or specifically on the affective modulation of the startle reflex [12,28,29].”
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Self-citationPhysiological Signals and Their Use in Augmenting Emotion Recognition for Human–Machine Interaction
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“Even with meticulous control, recent literature surveys such as found in Kreibig et al. (2007) show that correlations between physiological changes and changes in emotional state are not always consistent.”
BackgroundBorderline personality features moderate the effect of a fear induction on impulsivity.
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Affect dynamics of facial EMG during continuous emotional experiences
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“elicitors in facial research, including the current one (Codispoti et al., 2008; Hess et al., 1995; Kreibig et al., 2007; Wilhelm et al., 2017).”
Does non-invasive brain stimulation modulate emotional stress reactivity?
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“…that resemble other negative emotion inductions (e.g. fear) in terms of amygdala reactivity (Phan et al., 2002), sympathetic nervous system reactivity (Kreibig, 2010), HPA axis reactivity (Ottowitz et al., 2004; Gadea et al., 2005) and feelings of unpleasantness and arousal (Kreibig et al., 2007).”
BackgroundA Psychophysiological Approach For Measuring Response to Messaging
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- Authors
- Kreibig, S. D., Wilhelm, F. H., Roth, W. T., & Gross, J. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Geneva (CH)
- University of Basel (CH)
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kreibig, Sylvia D.
- Venue
- Psychophysiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2007-06-28
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 787-806
- ISSN
- 0048-5772 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8986
- OpenAlex
- W1984288569
- Cited by
- 495
- References
- 203
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 32
- FWCI
- 11.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- edoc (University of Basel) (acceptedVersion)
- edoc (University of Basel)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 58147, MH66957, R01MH066957)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Emotion and Mood Recognition
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- fear, sadness, emotion induction, heart rate variability, electrodermal activity, breathing pattern, blood pressure, fight-or-flight response, valence-arousal model, facial electromyography, emotion classification
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Blood Pressure, Body Temperature, Carbon Dioxide, Cardiography, Impedance, Emotions, Facial Expression, Fear, Female, Galvanic Skin Response, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Motion Pictures, Respiratory Mechanics
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