The DOI matches its Crossref record; 41 of the 42 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Body composition by DXA
Open accessAbstract
Body composition measurements from DXA have been available since DXA technology was developed 30 years ago, but are historically underutilized. Recently, there have been rapid developments in body composition assessment including the analysis and publication of representative data for the US, official usage guidance from the International Society for Clinical Densitometry, and development of regional body composition measures with clinical utility. DXA body composition is much more than whole body percent fat. In this paper celebrating 30 years of DXA for body composition, we will review the principles of DXA soft tissue analysis, practical clinical and research applications, and what to look for in the future.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Visceral fat from the android region was estimated in this study, not calculated directly, but has a similar relationship to other biomarkers of metabolic health such as visceral fat measured by computed tomography.”
From Body composition changes during weight reduction with tirzepatide in the SURMOUNT ‐1 study of adults with obesity or overweight (2025) · cites this paper as [39]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“DXA is also limited in the ability to accommodate patients who exceed length, width and rated load capacity”
From Body composition changes during weight reduction with tirzepatide in the SURMOUNT ‐1 study of adults with obesity or overweight (2025) · cites this paper as [39]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Epidemiology of Sarcopenia among the Elderly in New Mexico
Baumgartner, R. N., Koehler, K. M., Gallagher, D., Romero, L., Heymsfield, S. B., Ross, R. R., Garry, P. J., & Lindeman, R. D. (1998) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009520 · Cited by 4,004
Self-citationNewman, A. B., Kupelian, V., Visser, M., Simonsick, E. M., Goodpaster, B. H., Kritchevsky, S. B., Tylavsky, F. A., Rubin, S. M., Harris, T. B., & on Behalf of the Health, A. A. B. C. S. I. (2006) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/61.1.72 · Cited by 1,692
(2007) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e318149f111 · Cited by 1,554
Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Body Composition Reference Values from NHANES
Kelly, T. L., Wilson, K. E., & Heymsfield, S. B. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007038 · Cited by 1,028
Self-citationMorley, J. E., Baumgartner, R., Roubenoff, R., Mayer, J., & Nair, K. S. (2001) · Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine · doi:10.1067/mlc.2001.113504 · Cited by 964
Sarcopenia as a risk factor for falls in elderly individuals: results from the ilSIRENTE study
Landi, F., Liperoti, R., Russo, A., Giovannini, S., Tosato, M., Capoluongo, E., Bernabei, R., & Onder, G. (2012) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2012.02.007 · Cited by 938
Dual‐Energy X‐Ray Absorptiometry for Quantification of Visceral Fat
Kaul, S., Rothney, M. P., Peters, D. M., Wacker, W. K., Davis, C. E., Shapiro, M. D., & Ergun, D. L. (2012) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2011.393 · Cited by 622
Schousboe, J. T., Shepherd, J., Bilezikian, J. P., & Baim, S. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Densitometry · doi:10.1016/j.jocd.2013.08.004 · Cited by 547
Self-citationACSM Position Stand: The Female Athlete Triad
Otis, C. L., Drinkwater, B., Johnson, M., Loucks, A., & Wilmore, J. (1997) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199705000-00037 · Cited by 515
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and body composition
Laskey, M. A. (1996) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/0899-9007(95)00017-8 · Cited by 411
Joy, E. A., Kussman, A. L., & Nattiv, A. (2016) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2015-095735 · Cited by 375
Micklesfield, L. K., Goedecke, J. H., Punyanitya, M., Wilson, K. E., & Kelly, T. L. (2012) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2011.367 · Cited by 374
Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A., Orav, J. E., Kanis, J. A., Rizzoli, R., Schlögl, M., Staehelin, H. B., Willett, W. C., & Dawson-Hughes, B. (2015) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-015-3194-y · Cited by 332
Reference Values for Body Composition and Anthropometric Measurements in Athletes
Santos, D. A., Dawson, J. A., Matias, C. N., Rocha, P. M., Minderico, C. S., Allison, D. B., Sardinha, L. B., & Silva, A. M. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097846 · Cited by 282
Shepherd, J., Fan, B., Lü, Y., Wu, X. P., Wacker, W. K., Ergun, D. L., & Levine, M. A. (2012) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1002/jbmr.1654 · Cited by 219
Self-citationBody composition assessment in the infant
Demerath, E. W., & Fields, D. A. (2014) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.22500 · Cited by 208
Body Composition Measured by Dual‐energy X‐ray Absorptiometry Half‐body Scans in Obese Adults
Rothney, M. P., Brychta, R. J., Schaefer, E. V., Chen, K. Y., & Skarulis, M. C. (2009) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2009.14 · Cited by 195
Osteosarcopenia is more than sarcopenia and osteopenia alone
The FiAT intervention group, Drey, M., Sieber, C. C., Bertsch, T., Bauer, J. M., & Schmidmaier, R. (2015) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-015-0494-1 · Cited by 194
A population-based approach to define body-composition phenotypes
Prado, C. M. M., Siervo, M., Mire, E. F., Heymsfield, S. B., Stephan, B. C. M., Broyles, S. T., Smith, S. R., Wells, J. C. K., & Katzmarzyk, P. T. (2014) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.078576 · Cited by 180
Self-citationBrunton, J. A., Bayley, H. S., & Atkinson, S. A. (1993) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/58.6.839 · Cited by 177
Whole-body adipose tissue analysis: comparison of MRI, CT and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry
Kullberg, J., Brandberg, J., Angelhed, J. ‐., Frimmel, H., BERGELIN, E., STRID, L., Ahlström, H. K., JOHANSSON, L., & Lönn, L. (2009) · British Journal of Radiology · doi:10.1259/bjr/80083156 · Cited by 164
DXA body composition: theory and practice
Kelly, T. L., Berger, N., & Richardson, T. L. (1998) · Applied Radiation and Isotopes · doi:10.1016/s0969-8043(97)00226-1 · Cited by 155
Blake, G. M., Wahner, H. W., & Fogelman, I. (1999) · Martin Dunitz eBooks · Cited by 154
Jordan, M. J., Aagaard, P., & Herzog, W. (2014) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12314 · Cited by 150
Leg strength and lean mass symmetry influences kicking performance in Australian football.
Hart, N. H., Nimphius, S., Spiteri, T., & Newton, R. U. (2014) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 114
Body composition data for individuals 8 years of age and older: U.S. population, 1999-2004.
Borrud, L. G., Flegal, K. M., Looker, A. C., Everhart, J. E., Harris, T. B., & Shepherd, J. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 111
Self-citationFan, B., Shepherd, J., Levine, M. A., Steinberg, D. M., Wacker, W. K., Barden, H. S., Ergun, D. L., & Wu, X. P. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Densitometry · doi:10.1016/j.jocd.2013.08.019 · Cited by 108
Self-citationIlich, J. Z., Inglis, J. E., Kelly, O. J., & McGee, D. L. (2015) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-015-3186-y · Cited by 100
Hong, S., Oh, H. J., Choi, H. S., Kim, J. G., Lim, S. K., Kim, E., Pyo, E. Y., Oh, K., Kim, Y. T., Wilson, K. E., et al. (2011) · Journal of Korean Medical Science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2011.26.12.1599 · Cited by 77
Skeletal and body-composition effects of anorexia nervosa
Mazess, R. B., Barden, H., & Ohlrich, E. (1990) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/52.3.438 · Cited by 70
Hinton, B. J., Fan, B., Ng, B. K., & Shepherd, J. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0174180 · Cited by 64
Self-citationThe use of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry to estimate the dissected composition of lamb carcasses
Mercier, J., Pomar, C., Marcoux, M., Goulet, F., Thériault, M., & Castonguay, F. W. (2006) · Meat Science · doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2005.11.024 · Cited by 57
Development of Novel Methods to Define Deficits in Appendicular Lean Mass Relative to Fat Mass
Weber, D. R., Long, J., Leonard, M. B., Zemel, B. S., & Baker, J. F. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0164385 · Cited by 54
Shepherd, J., Baim, S., Bilezikian, J. P., & Schousboe, J. T. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Densitometry · doi:10.1016/j.jocd.2013.08.005 · Cited by 53
Self-citationSilva, A. M., Heymsfield, S. B., & Sardinha, L. B. (2013) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2013.148 · Cited by 37
Self-citationDunshea, F. R., Suster, D., Eason, P., Warner, R. D., Hopkins, D. L., & Ponnampalam, E. N. (2007) · Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture · doi:10.1071/ea07039 · Cited by 27
Assessment of regional adipose tissue depots: a DXA and CT comparison in cadavers of elderly persons
Scafoglieri, A., Deklerck, R., Tresignie, J., De Mey, J., Clarys, J. P., & Bautmans, I. (2013) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2013.07.005 · Cited by 25
Andres, A., Mitchell, A. D., & Badger, T. M. (2010) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2009.284 · Cited by 24
Modeling the shape and composition of the human body using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry images
Shepherd, J., Ng, B. K., Fan, B., Schwartz, A. V., Cawthon, P. M., Cummings, S. R., Kritchevsky, S. B., Nevitt, M. C., Santanasto, A. J., & Cootes, T. F. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0175857 · Cited by 18
Self-citationShepherd, J., Sommer, M. J., Fan, B., Powers, C., Stranix‐Chibanda, L., Zadzilka, A., Basar, M. T., George, K., Mukwasi-Kahari, C., & Siberry, G. K. (2016) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.10.040 · Cited by 17
Self-citationEvaluation of Sarcopenia by DXA
Shepherd, J. (2016) · Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism · doi:10.1007/s12018-016-9206-4 · Cited by 8
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Borrud, 2010, 250, 1
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Body composition with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry: from basics to new tools
Messina, C., Albano, D., Gitto, S., Tofanelli, L., Bazzocchi, A., Ulivieri, F. M., Guglielmi, G., & Sconfienza, L. M. (2020) · Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.21037/qims.2020.03.02 · Cited by 274
Sarcopenia in the Older Adult With Cancer
Williams, G. R., Dunne, R. F., Giri, S., Shachar, S. S., & Caan, B. J. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.21.00102 · Cited by 257
Sarcopenia in cancer: Risking more than muscle loss
Anjanappa, M., Corden, M., Green, A., Roberts, D. L., Hoskin, P., McWilliam, A., & Choudhury, A. (2020) · Technical Innovations & Patient Support in Radiation Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.tipsro.2020.10.001 · Cited by 215
Pathogenesis of MASLD and MASH – role of insulin resistance and lipotoxicity
Bansal, S., & Bansal, M. B. (2024) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/apt.17930 · Cited by 211
Look, M., Dunn, J. P., Kushner, R. F., Cao, D., Harris, C., Gibble, T. H., Stefanski, A., & Griffin, R. (2025) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.16275 · Cited by 181
Metadata
- Authors
- Shepherd, J. A., Ng, B. K., Sommer, M. J., & Heymsfield, S. B.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Shepherd, John A.
- Venue
- Bone
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-11
- Volume
- 104
- Pages
- 101-105
- ISSN
- 1873-2763 (ISSN-L)
- 8756-3282
- PMC
- PMC5659281
- OpenAlex
- W2626344501
- Semantic Scholar
- 240b0b4a4fee0c01cf45aeb4f4dca05e5732d9d3
- Cited by
- 460
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 44 · 2025: 78 · 2024: 73 · 2023: 64 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 67 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 13.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Bone (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK111698, R01DK109008, P30DK098722)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV-related health complications and treatments
- Keywords
- body composition, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, regional body composition, soft tissue analysis, clinical application, research applications
- MeSH terms
- Body Composition, Humans, Osteoporosis, Absorptiometry, Photon, Bariatrics, Body Size
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
