Ascending projections from the caudal visceral nucleus of the solitary tract to brain regions involved in food intake and energy expenditure

“…GLP-1 signaling pathways are implicated in the central control of food intake, glucose homeostasis, and HPA axis and autonomic responses to stress (Holst, 2007; Imeryuz et al., 1997; Kinzig et al., 2003; Nakade et al., 2007; Rinaman, 1999a; Sandoval et al., 2008; Tang-Christensen et al., 2001;…”

“…are implicated in the central control of food intake, glucose homeostasis, and HPA axis and autonomic responses to stress (Holst, 2007; Imeryuz et al., 1997; Kinzig et al., 2003; Nakade et al., 2007; Rinaman, 1999a; Sandoval et al., 2008; Tang-Christensen et al., 2001; Turton et al., 1996).”

“H129 undergoes anterograde transneuronal transport in cebus monkeys after inoculation of primary motor cortex (Kelly and Strick, 2003; Zemanick et al., 1991) and in mice after inoculation of tooth pulp (Barnett et al., 1995) or the vitreous body of the eye (Sun et al., 1996).”

“…description of the central projections of NST neurons effectively reveals most CNS recipients of viscerosensory information (Bailey et al., 2006; Horst et al., 1989; Horst and Streefland, 1994; Ricardo and Koh, 1978), albeit without identifying the central targets of organ-specific sensory signals.”

“The PBN has at least 12 distinct subnuclei, some of which project to central targets that do not receive direct input from the NST (Fulwiler and Saper, 1984;Herbert et al., 1990;Moga et al., 1990;Saper and Loewy, 1980).”

“(Gerfen and Sawchenko, 1984), into the caudal visceral NST. Coronal brain sections (35 µm thick) were cut from the caudal medulla through the rostral extent of the corpus callosum, and a one-in-six series was processed for immunoperoxidase localization of PhAL.”

“…NST neurons that project to the hypothalamus and limbic forebrain are NA neurons of the overlapping A2/C2 cell groups (Sawchenko and Swanson, 1981; Sawchenko and Swanson, 1982a; Sawchenko and Swanson, 1982b), with remaining projection neurons primarily comprising smaller and separate populations…”

“…NST neurons that project to the hypothalamus and limbic forebrain are NA neurons of the overlapping A2/C2 cell groups (Sawchenko and Swanson, 1981; Sawchenko and Swanson, 1982a; Sawchenko and Swanson, 1982b), with remaining projection neurons primarily comprising smaller and separate populations…”

“The PBN has at least 12 distinct subnuclei, some of which project to central targets that do not receive direct input from the NST (Fulwiler and Saper, 1984;Herbert et al., 1990;Moga et al., 1990;Saper and Loewy, 1980).”

“The PBN has at least 12 distinct subnuclei, some of which project to central targets that do not receive direct input from the NST (Fulwiler and Saper, 1984;Herbert et al., 1990;Moga et al., 1990;Saper and Loewy, 1980).”

“GLP-1ergic neurons are mainly distributed in the caudal subnucleus (cNTS) of the NTS, especially the commissural, medial, and ventral subnuclei [64,65].”

“We focused on a set of core regions situated along the central interoceptive pathway as established by prior studies ( Berntson & Khalsa, 2021; Browning & Travagli, 2014; Gasparini et al., 2020; Gehrlach et al., 2020; Rinaman, 2010; Saper, 2002).”

“The caudal DVC at the level of the AP processes metabolic and feeding-related cues and forms a brainstem satiety centre [24,25].”

“…McGinty, Gerfen, and Bloom 1984 ), along with the general pattern of axonal projections from the NTS to other brain regions (Beckman and Whitehead 1991 ; Beckstead et al. 1980 ; Ganchrow et al. 2014 ; Loewy and Burton 1978 ; Ricardo and Tongju Koh 1978 ; Rinaman 2010 ; Ter Horst et al. 1989 ).”

“…CCK may not only signal satiety and slow gastric emptying, but also adjust respiratory output to match changes in metabolic demand and mechanical constraint (Ellenberger and Smith 1999; Kaczynska and Szereda-Przestaszewska 2015; Katzman et al. 2002; Owyang and Heldsinger 2011; Rinaman 2010).”