Short-term effects of an endotoxin on substantia nigra dopamine neurons
Open accessAbstract
Inflammation has been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson׳s disease (PD). Studies using the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a potent inflammogen, show that systemic insults can trigger prolonged microglial activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production leading to degeneration of substantia nigra (SN) dopamine (DA) neurons, mimicking idiopathic PD. Because rapid effects of LPS on SN neurons had not been investigated previously, the focus of this study is to assess time-dependent alterations in SN neuroinflammation, DAergic neurons, and neuronal signaling cascades following LPS administration. LPS (5mg/kg, i.p.) or saline (0.9% NaCl) was administered to 8-month-old male mice. At 3h, 5h, and 12h post-injection, the morphology of the SN was assessed using antibodies directed against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH, DAergic marker), Iba-1 (pan-microglial marker), phospho-ERK, and phospho-CREB (signaling). LPS administration significantly reduced TH-immunoreactivity (ir) at all time-points with the greatest reduction observed at 12h post-injection. Reduced TH-ir was accompanied by a significant increase in activated microglia at all time-points following LPS. By 12h post-injection, LPS-treated mice exhibited activated as well as reactive microglia, which can result in neuronal damage. These data demonstrate that the initial reduction in TH-ir observed after an LPS injection was not concomitant with morphological alterations in microglial cells, even though a significant increase in phospho-ERK was observed in glial cells as soon as 3h post-injection. It is possible that the initial alteration in DA phenotype (TH reduction) may perpetuate an inflammatory response that persists and leads to further DAergic damage.
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Single injections of high-dose LPS (5 mg/kg) cause degeneration in the dopaminergic system, particularly in the substantia nigra and striatum.
“Indeed, single injections of high doses of LPS (5 mg/kg) lead to degeneration in dopaminergic system in the brain, particularly in the substantia nigra and the striatum (Qin et al., 2007; Reinert et al., 2014).”
From The role of inflammation in core features of depression: Insights from paradigms using exogenously-induced inflammation. (2018) · cites this paper as Reinert et al., 2014
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- Authors
- Reinert, K. R. S., Umphlet, C. D., Quattlebaum, A., & Boger, H. A.
- Affiliations
- Medical University of South Carolina (US)
- Corresponding author
- Boger, Heather A.
- ORCID
- Boger, Heather A.
- Venue
- Brain Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-04
- Volume
- 1557
- Pages
- 164-170
- ISSN
- 0006-8993 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3970422
- OpenAlex
- W2006754174
- Cited by
- 28
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 1.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Brain Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- NIH/NIA (AG023630)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Keywords
- lipopolysaccharide, endotoxin, substantia nigra, dopaminergic neurons, Parkinson's disease, neuroinflammation, microglial activation, tyrosine hydroxylase, ERK1/2 phosphorylation, CREB phosphorylation, neurodegeneration, inflammatory cytokines
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Calcium-Binding Proteins, Endotoxins, Immunohistochemistry, Lipopolysaccharides, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Microfilament Proteins, Neuroglia, Neurons, Phosphorylation, Random Allocation, Substantia Nigra, Time Factors, Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, Neuroimmunomodulation, Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein, Microglia, Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases, Mice
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