The yin and yang of cardiac autonomic control: Vago-sympathetic interactions revisited
Abstract
We review the pattern of activity in the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves innervating the heart. Unlike the conventional textbook picture of reciprocal control of cardiac vagal and sympathetic nervous activity, as seen during a baroreceptor reflex, many other reflexes involve simultaneous co-activation of both autonomic limbs. Indeed, even at 'rest', the heart receives tonic drives from both sympathetic and parasympathetic cardiac nerves. Autonomic co-activation occurs during peripheral chemoreceptor, diving, oculocardiac, somatic nociceptor reflex responses as well as being evoked from structures within the brain. It is suggested that simultaneous co-activation may lead to a more efficient cardiac function giving greater cardiac output than activation of the sympathetic limb alone; this permits both a longer time for ventricular filling and a stronger contraction of the myocardium. This may be important when pumping blood into a constricted vascular tree such as is the case during the diving response. We discuss that in some instances, high drive to the heart from both autonomic limbs may also be arrhythmogenic.
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Sympathetic and vagal systems can act independently.
“The combination of sympathetic and vagal influence reflects the fact that these systems can act independently (Paton et al., 2005).”
From Music structure determines heart rate variability of singers (2013) · cites this paper as Paton et al., 2005
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- Authors
- Paton, J. F. R., Boscan, P., Pickering, A. E., & Nalivaiko, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Bristol (GB)
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (US)
- Flinders University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Nalivaiko, E.
- Venue
- Brain Research Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005-11
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 555-565
- ISSN
- 0165-0173 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1977962340
- Cited by
- 308
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 1.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Brain Research Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- British Heart Foundation
- University of Bristol
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vagus Nerve Stimulation Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroscience of respiration and sleep
- Keywords
- cardiac autonomic control, baroreflex, chemoreceptor reflex, diving reflex, oculocardiac reflex, nociceptive reflex, cardiac output, ventricular filling, cardiac contraction, arrhythmogenesis, autonomic reflexes
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Autonomic Nervous System, Heart, Humans, Parasympathetic Nervous System, Sympathetic Nervous System, Tachycardia, Vagus Nerve, Yin-Yang
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