Vagal Mediation of Low-Frequency Heart Rate Variability During Slow Yogic Breathing
Abstract
Objective Changes in heart rate variability (HRV) associated with breathing (respiratory sinus arrhythmia) are known to be parasympathetically (vagally) mediated when the breathing rate is within the typical frequency range (9-24 breaths per minute [bpm]; high-frequency HRV). Slow yogic breathing occurs at rates below this range and increases low-frequency HRV power, which may additionally reflect a significant sympathetic component. Yogic breathing techniques are hypothesized to confer health benefits by increasing cardiac vagal control, but increases in low-frequency HRV power cannot unambiguously distinguish sympathetic from parasympathetic contributions. The aim of this study was to investigate the autonomic origins of changes in low-frequency HRV power due to slow-paced breathing. Methods Six healthy young adults completed slow-paced breathing with a cadence derived from yogic breathing patterns. The paced breathing took place under conditions of sympathetic blockade, parasympathetic (vagal) blockade, and placebo. HRV spectral power was compared under 11 breathing rates during each session, in counterbalanced order with frequencies spanning the low-frequency range (4-9 bpm). Results HRV power across the low-frequency range (4-9 bpm) was nearly eliminated (p = .016) by parasympathetic blockade (mean (SD) spectral power at breathing frequency = 4.1 (2.1)) compared with placebo (69.5 (8.1)). In contrast, spectral power during sympathetic blockade 70.2 (9.1) and placebo (69.…
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Breathing acts directly on the autonomic nervous system as a bottom-up approach to stress reduction, so its benefits likely persist across diverse populations.
“Because breathing acts directly on the autonomic nervous system as a “bottom-up” approach to stress reduction [113,114,115,116,117,118], its benefits likely persist across diverse populations.”
From Breathing Practices for Stress and Anxiety Reduction: Conceptual Framework of Implementation Guidelines Based on a Systematic Review of the Published Literature (2023) · cites this paper as [115]
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- Authors
- Kromenacker, B. W., Sanova, A. A., Marcus, F. I., Allen, J. J. B., & Lane, R. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Arizona (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kromenacker, Bryan W.
- Venue
- Psychosomatic Medicine
- Published
- 2018-07
- Volume
- 80
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 581-587
- ISSN
- 0033-3174 (ISSN-L)
- 1534-7796
- OpenAlex
- W2804307513
- Cited by
- 114
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 6.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychosomatic Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vagus Nerve Stimulation Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroscience of respiration and sleep
- Keywords
- heart rate variability, slow-paced breathing, pranayama, vagal blockade, sympathetic nerve block, cardiac vagal control, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, autonomic nervous system, respiratory rate
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Autonomic Nervous System, Electrocardiography, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Parasympathetic Nervous System, Sympathetic Nervous System, Vagus Nerve, Yoga, Muscarinic Antagonists, Young Adult, Respiratory Rate, Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Antagonists
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