The DOI matches its Crossref record; 22 of the 23 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Enduring consequences of experimentally induced biases in interpretation
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated that it is possible to induce biases in the interpretation of ambiguous text passages by training. Participants consistently trained to interpret emotionally ambiguous passages in either a negative or positive direction show training-congruent effects when presented with new ambiguous material. These training effects are demonstrated by participants' subsequent recognition ratings for disambiguating sentences, which represent both possible meanings of the novel ambiguous test passages. In this series of experiments, we investigated the durability of these training effects over time spans of up to 1 day and found them to be robust. The findings encourage us to believe that induced biases may serve as a useful analogue to those observed clinically.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“findings on training effects on symptoms have been mixed in individual studies, e.g. see [8], [14]”
From How to boost positive interpretations? A Meta-Analysis of the effectiveness of cognitive bias modification for interpretation (2014) · cites this paper as [14]
Citations
Cites
(1970) · Cited by 24,983
Bower, G. H. (1981) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.36.2.129 · Cited by 4,154
The emotional Stroop task and psychopathology
Williams, J. M. G., Mathews, A., & MacLeod, C. (1996) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.120.1.3 · Cited by 2,420
Self-citationCognitive Psychology and Emotional Disorders
Williams, J. M. G. (1988) · UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) · Cited by 1,871
MacLeod, C., Rutherford, E., Campbell, L., Ebsworthy, G., & Holker, L. (2002) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.111.1.107 · Cited by 1,334 · cited 2×
“Not only do these induced biases appear to generalise to new material, but they also lead to increases in vulnerability to anxious mood, thereby providing the first direct evidence that cognitive biases have a causal role in anxiety disorders (MacLeod et al., 2002; Wilson, MacLeod, & Mathews, 2003).”
BackgroundMethodCognitive Psychology and Emotional Disorders
Wilhelm, S. A. (1998) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · Cited by 1,101
Cognitive Approaches to Emotion and Emotional Disorders
Mathews, A., & MacLeod, C. (1994) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.45.020194.000325 · Cited by 1,023
Self-citationAdvances in Psychology Research
Columbus, F. H., Shohov, S. P., & Columbus, A. M. (2001) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 914
Induced emotional interpretation bias and anxiety.
Mathews, A., & Mackintosh, B. (2000) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.109.4.602 · Cited by 739 · cited 3×
“Materials and apparatus Materials were taken from the experiments reported by Mathews and Mackintosh (2000). Training items comprised three sentences of text, with the last item of the last sentence being a”
MethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationMicro Experimental Laboratory: An integrated system for IBM PC compatibles
Schneider, W. (1988) · Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers · doi:10.3758/bf03203833 · Cited by 729
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 23 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–131 of 131
Korn, J., Dietel, F. A., & Hartmann, A. (2019) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-019-10026-x · Cited by 6
Social cognitive interventions
Fiszdon, J. M., & Davidson, C. A. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815315-4.00011-2 · Cited by 4
Fiszdon, J. M., Bell, M. D., Fulford, D., Roberts, D. L., Dziura, J. D., Parente, L. T., Nasse, A., & Choi, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1440476 · Cited by 2
Interpretation bias in emotional disorders: a selective review
Hirsch, C. R., & Mathews, A. (2025) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2025.104948 · Cited by 4
Self-citationLam, C. L. M., Hin, A. S., Lau, L. N. S., Zhang, Z., & Leung, C. J. (2025) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102031 · Cited by 2
Eid, L., Kenny, A., Taher, R., Jacobsen, P. C., Hsu, C.-W., & Yiend, J. (2025) · JMIR Human Factors · doi:10.2196/70181 · Cited by 2
Self-citationBelieving is Seeing: The causal role of interpretive bias in anxiety
Salemink, E. (2005) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) · Cited by 2
Zhang, F., Xu, H., Liu, Q., Sun, Y., Yan, W., Ouyang, H., & Liu, W. (2024) · BMJ Mental Health · doi:10.1136/bmjment-2023-300871 · Cited by 1
arkavini, S. K., Khodadadi, M., & Davoodi, H. (2021) · Journal of Research in Behavioural Sciences · doi:10.52547/rbs.19.1.84 · Cited by 1
Shelfer, L. (2010) · UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) · Cited by 1
Cognitive bias and the development of anxiety in children
Morren, M. (2007) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20070201mm · Cited by 1
At risk for pain : pain-related anxiety, cognition, and processing biases
Vancleef, L. M. G. (2007) · doi:10.26481/dis.20071108lv · Cited by 1
Paprocki, C. M. (2015) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/6b16-x017 · Cited by 1
Bryce, L. (2017) · Open Access Victoria University of Wellington | Te Herenga Waka (Figshare) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.17067755 · Cited by 1
Lodge, J. (2013) · UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia)
Cognitive rehearsal, cognitive bias and the development offear in high trait-anxious children
Nightingale, Z. C. (2011) · Sussex Research Online (University of Sussex)
Cognitive bias modification in the prevention of adolescent social anxiety
de Hullu, E., Sportel, E. T., de Jong, P. J., & Nauta, M. H. (2012) · F1000Research · doi:10.7490/f1000research.1090569.1
Gervais, N. J. (2009) · Spectrum Research Repository (Concordia University)
Affect dynamics : a focus on genes, stress, and an opportunity for change
Menne‐Lothmann, C. (2015) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20150129cm
Digital antianxiety treatment and cognitive performance: An experimental study
Cavatorta, E., Grassi, S., & Lambiris, M. J. (2020) · European Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103636
Examining the role of cognitive bias in emotion regulation
Usyatynsky, A. (2021) · doi:10.32920/ryerson.14654418
Detecting and Avoiding Cognitive Biases
(2018) · Advances in psychology, mental health, and behavioral studies (APMHBS) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-2978-1.ch009
Siwiec, S. G., Bodhy, S., Lotfi, S., & Lee, H. (2023) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2023.100787
THE EFFECTS OF ANXIETY ON VISUAL ATTENTION FOR EMOTIVE STIMULI IN PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN
Kelly, L. (2014) · University of Derby Online Research Archive. (University of Derby)
オンライン・オフラインの観点から見る社交不安の解釈バイアスについて
Takagi, A., Kurashige, T., & Tanaka, T. (2021) · Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB)
The effect of induced mood on interpretation biases in high and low trait anxious participants
Teape, L. A. (2009) · UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia)
Vulnerability to depression and cognitive bias modification
Chan, S. W. Y. (2012) · UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia)
Metadata
- Authors
- Yiend, J., Mackintosh, B., & Mathews, A.
- Affiliations
- Warneford Hospital (GB)
- The Open University (GB)
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Yiend, Jenny
- Venue
- Behaviour Research and Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005-06
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 779-797
- ISSN
- 0005-7967 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2063523003
- Cited by
- 135
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 6.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behaviour Research and Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Open Research Online (The Open University) (submittedVersion)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Keywords
- interpretation bias, emotional ambiguity, training effects, cognitive bias modification
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Anxiety, Female, Humans, Learning, Male, Middle Aged, Reaction Time, Social Perception, Recognition, Psychology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
