Induced biases in emotional interpretation influence stress vulnerability and endure despite changes in context
Abstract
Previous research has shown that interpretation biases can be experimentally induced and endure for 24 hours. In two experiments, we show that induced biases not only persist but survive changes in environmental context, including transferring to different rooms with different experimenters. In one experiment, training and testing materials were also presented in different sensory modalities without significantly reducing the magnitude of the induced bias. Furthermore, we found evidence of changes in emotional vulnerability, congruent with the direction of induced bias, which also persisted for 24 hours. Together with earlier results, these findings show that induced biases generalize over contexts and have persisting emotional consequences, suggesting that appropriately adapted training methods may contribute to developing therapeutic techniques within clinical settings.
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Reduction in attention and interpretation biases decreases psychopathological symptoms.
“Congruently, reduction in attention and interpretation biases is found to decrease psychopathological symptoms (e.g., Mackintosh et al. 2006; Mathews and Mackintosh 2000).”
From Mindfulness, Interpretation Bias, and Levels of Anxiety and Depression: Two Mediation Studies (2019) · cites this paper as Mackintosh et al. 2006
Findings on training effects on symptoms have been mixed in individual studies.
“findings on training effects on symptoms have been mixed in individual studies, e.g. see [8], [14]”
From How to boost positive interpretations? A Meta-Analysis of the effectiveness of cognitive bias modification for interpretation (2014) · cites this paper as [8]
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BackgroundMethodInfluentialCognitive bias modification: Induced interpretive biases affect memory.
Tran, T. B., Hertel, P. T., & Joormann, J. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0021754 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
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ResultJoormann, J., & Siemer, M. (2011) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00335.x · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Cognitive Bias Modification for Interpretation in Major Depression
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“…manner had an attenuated self-reported anxious reaction to a subsequent stressor (e.g., Wilson, MacLeod, Mathews, & Rutherford, 2006; see also Mackintosh, Mathews, Yiend, Ridgeway, & Cook, 2006) and showed improvements in a subsequently induced negative mood state (Holmes, Lang, & Shah,…”
Mobini, S., Reynolds, S., & Mackintosh, B. (2013) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-012-9445-8 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“Yiend et al. (2005) reported that experimental training produced interpretation biases which were maintained over 24 h. Mackintosh et al. (2006) replicated this enduring induced interpretation bias despite a change of context (modality, place, and experimenter) between training and test conditions…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationBlackwell, S., Woud, M., & MacLeod, C. (2017) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2017.41 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Cognitive bias modification: the critical role of active training in modifying emotional responses.
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Efficacy of Interpretation Bias Modification in Depressed Adolescents and Young Adults
Micco, J. A., Henin, A., & Hirshfeld‐Becker, D. R. (2013) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-013-9578-4 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
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BackgroundResultCognitive mechanisms underlying the emotional effects of bias modification
Hoppitt, L., Mathews, A., Yiend, J., & Mackintosh, B. (2010) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.1678 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
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Modifying cognitive errors promotes cognitive well being: a new approach to bias modification.
Lester, K., Mathews, A., Davison, P., Burgess, J., & Yiend, J. (2011) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.01.001 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Biased interpretation in perfectionism and its modification
Yiend, J., Savulich, G., Coughtrey, A., & Shafran, R. (2011) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.10.004 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“…(Yiend, Mackintosh, & Mathews, 2005; Mackintosh, Mathews, Yiend, Ridgeway & Cook, 2006) and decrease vulnerability to negative mood (e.g. Hoppitt, Mathews, Yiend, & Mackintosh, 2007; Lester, Mathews, Davison, Burgess & Yiend, 2011; Mathews, Ridgeway, Cook, & Yiend, 2007; Mackintosh et al., 2006).”
Self-citationValidation of the "recognition task" used in the training of interpretation biases.
Salemink, E., & van den Hout, M. (2010) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2009.11.006 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
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“…of the recognition task has been widely used to assess change in interpretive bias due to Cognitive Bias Modification procedures and has well established validity (e.g., Mackintosh et al., 2006; Mathews &Mackintosh, 2000; Salemink, van den Hout, & Kindt, 2007; Yiend, Mackintosh, & Mathews, 2005).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationInterpretation Biases in Paranoia
Savulich, G., Freeman, D., Shergill, S., & Yiend, J. (2015) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2014.08.002 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“, 2011; 2013; 2014), which can survive changes in context (Mackintosh et al., 2006; Salemink & van den Hout, 2010) and persist for up to 24 hours (Yiend et al.”
BackgroundSelf-citationIs manipulation of mood a critical component of cognitive bias modification procedures?
Standage, H., Ashwin, C., & Fox, E. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.08.005 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Mobini, S., Mackintosh, B., Illingworth, J. L., Gega, L., Langdon, P., & Hoppitt, L. (2014) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.12.002 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“This task has been widely used in a number of studies investigating interpretative biases in anxiety (e.g., Hertel et al., 2008; Mackintosh et al., 2006; Mathews & Mackintosh, 2000).”
MethodSelf-citationInterpretation training influences memory for prior interpretations.
Salemink, E., Hertel, P. T., & Mackintosh, B. (2010) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0020232 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationHow Does Cognitive Bias Modification Affect Anxiety? Mediation Analyses and Experimental Data
Salemink, E., van den Hout, M., & Kindt, M. (2009) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465809990543 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Note that the observed effects on trait anxiety are consistent with earlier findings of CBM-I affecting the degree to which individuals respond anxiously to a stress task (Mackintosh et al., 2006; Wilson, Macleod, Mathews and Rutherford, 2006).”
ResultCognitive Bias Modification (CBM) of obsessive compulsive beliefs
Williams, A. D., & Grisham, J. R. (2013) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-13-256 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Importantly, research has demonstrated that the induced adaptive processing biases lead to subsequent reductions in emotional reactivity to subsequent stressor tasks [19,25,26] as well as reductions in symptoms [27].”
BackgroundEffects of Cognitive Bias Modification Training via Smartphones
Yang, R., Cui, L., Feng, L., Xiao, J., Zhang, Q., & Oei, T. P. S. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01370 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“While several psychotherapeutic procedures have been used to treat these biases (Tobon et al., 2011), recently, an increasing amount of research has focused on the use of Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) procedures (Mackintosh et al., 2006; Wilson et al., 2006).”
BackgroundMethodSteel, C., Wykes, T., Ruddle, A., Smith, G., Shah, D. M., & Holmes, E. (2010) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.04.042 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Whilst interpretation bias modification continues to develop as a potential therapy for emotional disorders (Mathews and Macleod, 2000; Hertel, 2002; Mackintosh et al., 2006; Mathews et al., 2007; Salemink et al., 2007a; Koster et al., 2009), the current results highlight obstacles which need to be considered during t…”
BackgroundSavulich, G., Shergill, S., & Yiend, J. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.016711 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Implicit interpretation biases affect emotional vulnerability: A training study
Tran, T. B., Siemer, M., & Joormann, J. (2011) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2010.532393 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Previous studies have reported similar effects of training on state anxiety in response to threat-related videos (Mackintosh et al., 2006; Salemink et al., 2009; Wilson et al., 2006), but our study is the first to use a clearly self-relevant stressor and to show effects on emotional responding other than anxiety.”
ResultInfluentialLester, K., Seal, K., Nightingale, Z. C., & Field, A. (2010) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.09.004 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Experimental modification of interpretation bias regarding social and animal fear in children.
Lester, K. J., Field, A. P., & Muris, P. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.03.006 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Telman, M. D., Holmes, E., & Lau, J. Y. F. (2013) · Child Psychiatry and Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-013-0386-6 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“While some find training effects on anxious, low mood or a combination of both [26, 27], others do not [28–31].”
BackgroundEffects of modifying the interpretation of emotional ambiguity
Mathews, A. (2012) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2011.584527 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“For example, Mackintosh et al. (2006) used ambiguously threatening physical descriptions (concerning crime, injury, etc.) in training and found significant amelioration of anxiety in the positive trained group when viewing videos of accidents 24 hours later.”
BackgroundMethodMulti-session online interpretation bias training for anxiety in a community sample
Ji, J. L., Baee, S., Zhang, D., Calicho-Mamani, C., Meyer, M. J., Funk, D. H., Portnow, S., Barnes, L. E., & Teachman, B. A. (2021) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2021.103864 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Lester, K., Field, A., & Muris, P. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2011.618449 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“This discrepancy in findings also mirrors the inconsistent picture seen in the adult CBM-I literature, with several studies reporting increases in state anxiety following negative bias modification and=or decreases following positive modification (Mackintosh et al., 2006; Mathews & Mackintosh, 2000; Salemink et al., 2…”
BackgroundResultGeneralisation of modified interpretive bias across tasks and domains
Salemink, E., van den Hout, M., & Kindt, M. (2010) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930802692053 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“On the other hand, it has been demonstrated that interpretive bias effects last for 24 hours (Mackintosh et al., 2006; Yiend et al., 2005).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMindfulness, Interpretation Bias, and Levels of Anxiety and Depression: Two Mediation Studies
Mayer, B., Polak, M. G., & Remmerswaal, D. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-0946-8 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“…biases * Birgit Mayer mayer@essb.eur.nl 1 Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies (DEPCS), Erasmus University Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738, 3000, DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands is found to decrease psychopathological symptoms (e.g., Mackintosh et al. 2006; Mathews and Mackintosh 2000).”
BackgroundThe Plasticity of Adolescent Cognitions: Data from a Novel Cognitive Bias Modification Training Task
Lau, J. Y. F., Molyneaux, E., Telman, M. D., & Belli, S. R. (2011) · Child Psychiatry and Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-011-0244-3 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Moreover, induced negative interpretative styles are correlated with increases in state anxiety and reduction in positive affect [16, 18], while induced positive interpretative styles are associated with attenuations of negative affect and improvements in positive affect [13].”
BackgroundResultOtkhmezuri, B., Boffo, M., Siriaraya, P., Matsangidou, M., Wiers, R. W. H. J., Mackintosh, B., Ang, C. S., & Salemink, E. (2018) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/11517 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Consistent with previous studies where standard CBM-I interventions have shown to reduce state anxiety levels [11-13], all participants showed an overall decline in state anxiety after the training.”
ResultSelf-citationExperimental modification of attribution processes.
Peters, K. D., Constans, J. I., & Mathews, A. (2011) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021899 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Macdonald, E. M., Koerner, N., & Antony, M. (2013) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-012-9519-7 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“This finding has been replicated in many other studies (Grey and Mathews 2000, 2009; Mackintosh et al. 2006).”
BackgroundResultMemory cueing during sleep modifies the interpretation of ambiguous scenes in adolescents and adults
Groch, S., McMakin, D. L., Guggenbühl, P., Rasch, B., Huber, R., & Wilhelm, I. (2015) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2015.10.006 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“In line with previous studies, the absence of an effect of cueing on negative interpretations coincided with a general tendency of these participants to interpret ambiguous scenes more positively than negatively (Mathews and Mackintosh, 2000; Yiend et al., 2005; Mackintosh et al., 2006).”
ResultComparing visual and auditory presentation for the modification of interpretation bias
Standage, H., Ashwin, C., & Fox, E. (2009) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2009.07.006 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Specificity Effects in the Modification of Interpretation Bias and Stress Reactivity
Mackintosh, B., Mathews, A., Eckstein, D., & Hoppitt, L. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.025711 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“For example, Mackintosh et al. (2006, experiment 2) employed training descriptions of ambiguously physically threatening situations (for example, implying possible assault, injury or illness). Ambiguous interpretation test items also described situations consistent with possible physical threat, as did the test of emo…”
ResultSelf-citationTravellers’ Tales in Cognitive Bias Modification Research: A Commentary on the Special Issue
Fox, E., Mackintosh, B., & Holmes, E. A. (2014) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-014-9604-1 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“ever, the results remained the same, showing that the training had worked (Mackintosh et al. 2006).”
ResultSelf-citationTrained interpretive bias survives mood change.
Salemink, E., & van den Hout, M. (2010) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.02.010 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“CBM-I effects survive changes in environmental context, including change in room, experimenter and setting (Mackintosh et al., 2006).”
BackgroundDaniel, K. E., Daros, A. R., Beltzer, M. L., Boukhechba, M., Barnes, L. E., & Teachman, B. A. (2020) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-020-10088-2 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Interpretation Biases in Clinical Paranoia
Savulich, G., Shergill, S. S., & Yiend, J. (2017) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702617718180 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Butler, E., Mobini, S., Rapee, R., Mackintosh, B., & Reynolds, S. (2015) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2015.1011905 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“…biases were tested individually using a text-based encoding task that has been widely used in a number of previous studies investigating interpretation biases in anxiety (e.g. Hertel et al., 2008; Mackintosh, Mathews, Yiend, Ridgeway, & Cook, 2006; Mathews & Mackintosh, 2000; Mobini et al., 2014).”
MethodSelf-citationDoes Modified Interpretation Bias Influence Automatic Avoidance Behaviour
Lange, W.-G., Salemink, E., Windey, I., Keijsers, G., Krans, J., Becker, E., & Rinck, M. (2010) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.1679 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Though, for example, Mackintosh et al. (2006) showed that interpretation training transferred from auditory to visual material, and that training in one context can lead to biased interpretations in another, Salemink et al.”
BackgroundThe influence of social comparison on cognitive bias modification and emotional vulnerability.
Standage, H., Harris, J. M., & Fox, E. (2013) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0034226 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
How can we enhance cognitive bias modification techniques? The effects of prospective cognition
Lee, J.-S., Mathews, A., Shergill, S. S., Chan, D. K. Y., Majeed, N., & Yiend, J. (2015) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.03.007 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Recollection is impaired by the modification of interpretation bias.
Hertel, P. T., Vasquez, E., Benbow, A., & Hughes, M. (2011) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023974 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“The 60 ambiguous training scenarios in the negative and benign conditions were based on those used by Mackintosh et al. (2006). They described situations containing the potential for threat to one’s safety or health.”
MethodKhalili-Torghabeh, S., Fadardi, J. S., Mackintosh, B., Reynolds, S., & Mobini, S. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.037713 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Interpretative bias was tested individually using a text-based encoding task which has been widely used in a number of studies investigating interpretative biases in anxiety (e.g., Hertel et al., 2008; Mackintosh et al., 2006; Mathews & Mackintosh, 2000; Mobini et al., 2014).”
MethodSelf-citationEffects of interpretation bias modification on unregulated and regulated emotional reactivity
Bockstaele, B. V., Notebaert, L., Salemink, E., Clarke, P., MacLeod, C., Wiers, R. W. H. J., & Bögels, S. M. (2019) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2019.03.009 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Although there are several studies with similar results (e.g., see Hayes, Hirsch, Krebs, & Mathews, 2010; Lang, Moulds, & Holmes, 2009; Mackintosh, Mathews, Yiend, Ridgeway, & Cook, 2006; Tran, Siemer, & Joormann, 2011), these positive effects have not been replicated consistently.”
Manuel, A., & Wade, T. D. (2013) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2013.04.005 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Seraphine, C. C., Cooper, N. R., Mirinalee, R., & Mackintosh, B. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01363 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationEfficacy of Interpretation Bias Modification in Patients With Chronic Pain
An, J., Wang, K.-S., Jung, Y., & Cho, S. (2019) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2019.10.005 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Enhancing the Efficacy of Cognitive Bias Modification for Social Anxiety
Stevens, E. S., Behar, E., & Jendrusina, A. A. (2018) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2018.02.004 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Treating obsessions with Competitive Memory Training: A pilot study.
Korrelboom, K., van der Gaag, M., Hendriks, V. M., Huijbrechts, I. P. A. M., & Berretty, E. W. (2008) · Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) · Cited by 18 · see citing works
A new cognitive bias modification technique to influence risk factors for eating disorders
Matheson, E. L., Wade, T. D., & Yiend, J. (2018) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22938 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Field, Z., & Field, A. P. (2013) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0031147 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Negative Interpretation Biases Precede the Onset of Psychosis
Yiend, J., Allen, P., Lopez, N. D., Falkenberg, I., Tseng, H.-H., & McGuire, P. (2019) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2018.11.002 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationA transdiagnostic meta-analysis of acute augmentations to psychological therapy
Nord, C. L., Longley, B. F., Dercon, Q., Phillips, V., Funk, J., Gormley, S., Knight, R., Smith, A., & Dalgleish, T. (2023) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-023-00048-6 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Nowakowski, M. E., Antony, M., & Koerner, N. (2015) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.04.004 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Cognitive Bias Modification Training in Adolescents: Persistence of Training Effects
Belli, S. R., & Lau, J. Y. F. (2014) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-014-9627-7 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“These results have previously been demonstrated in adults (Mackintosh et al., 2006; Yiend et al., 2005), but given the large developmental differences between adolescents and adults in social and interpersonal cognition (Blakemore, 2008; Steinberg & Monahan, 2007) and apprehension and retention of various forms of inf…”
ResultInterpretive habit is strengthened by cognitive bias modification
Hertel, P. T., Holmes, M., & Benbow, A. (2013) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2013.820326 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“In the negative and benign conditions participants read 20 filler scenarios and 80 training scenarios, most of which were adapted from Mackintosh et al. (2006).”
BackgroundVassilopoulos, S., Blackwell, S., Misailidi, P., Kyritsi, A., & Ayfanti, M. (2013) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465813000301 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Dale-Hewitt, V., Slade, P., Wright, I., Cree, M., & Tully, C. (2012) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-012-0290-2 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Future studies confirming these findings may suggest the use of attentional training as an appropriate intervention for women who develop post-traumatic stress in relation to childbirth (Mackintosh et al. 2006).”
BackgroundTowards an Experimental Cognitive Science of CBT
Mathews, A. (2006) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2006.02.004 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Cognitive Trainings Reduce Implicit Social Rejection Associations
Schnabel, K., & Asendorpf, J. (2015) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2015.34.3.1 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
White, L. K., Suway, J. G., Pine, D., Field, A., Lester, K., Muris, P., Bar-Haim, Y., & Fox, N. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.053615 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
de Jong, P. J., de Graaf-Peters, V. B., van Hout, W. J. P. J., & van Wees-Cieraad, R. (2009) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2009.02.001 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Modifying interpretation bias leads to congruent changes in gratitude
Watkins, P. C., Munger, P., Hutton, B. R., Elliot, K., & Mathews, A. (2021) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2021.1940249 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Studies using similar procedures have found that CBM-I has strong effects on interpretation bias 24 hours or more after training (Belli & Lau, 2014; Mackintosh et al., 2013, 2006; Pictet et al., 2011; Yiend et al., 2005), but future research is needed to investigate this issue with CBM-I…”
MethodNeural correlates of cognitive bias modification for interpretation
Sakaki, K., Nozawa, T., Ikeda, S., & Kawashima, R. (2020) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsaa026 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Conversely, only the affective priming effect is not sufficient to explain why modified interpretation could endure over longer periods (Mackintosh et al., 2006) and transfer to novel stimuli that are not similar to those used in the training task (Hoppitt et al.”
Variation on the serotonin transporter gene and bias in the interpretation of ambiguity
Fox, E., & Standage, H. (2012) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2011.613821 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“For example, Mackintosh, Mathews, Yiend, Ridgeway, and Cook ( 2006 ) using a scenario-based form of bias modification reported that positive CBM reduced stress reactivity in participants viewing distressing video clips.”
Vassilopoulos, S., Moberly, N., & Lau, J. Y. F. (2015) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct.2015.8.4.318 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Grocott, B. B., Battaglini, A. M., Jopling, E. N., Tracy, A., Rnic, K., Sánchez-López, Á., & LeMoult, J. (2023) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.12231 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Speci fi cally, the interpretation bias ‐ negative a ff ect link is supported by work suggesting that modifying interpretation biases in fl uences negative mood in the laboratory (Al ‐ Moghrabi et al., 2018; Lothmann et al., 2011; Mackintosh et al., 2006; Wilson et al., 2006; Yiend et al., 2005).”
Biased interpretation in paranoia and its modification.
Savulich, G., Edwards, A. R., Assadi, S., Guven, H., Leathers-Smith, E., Shergill, S., & Yiend, J. (2020) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2020.101575 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Interpretation bias training has also been shown to change mood and to survive changes in environment and context (Salemink & van den Hout, 2010; Mackintosh et al., 2006).”
BackgroundPlatt, B., Sfärlea, A., Löchner, J., Salemink, E., & Schulte‐Körne, G. (2023) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.1177/20438087231184753 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“These effects appear to persist for 24 hours and predict not only mood but also stress reactivity (Mackintosh et al., 2006).”
Background
- Authors
- Mackintosh, B., Mathews, A., Yiend, J., Ridgeway, V., & Cook, E.
- Affiliations
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (GB)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Mackintosh, Bundy
- Venue
- Behavior Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-09
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 209-222
- ISSN
- 0005-7894 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2162368049
- Cited by
- 143
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 9.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behavior Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (074073)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- interpretation bias, emotional interpretation, stress vulnerability, context generalization, sensory modalities, emotional vulnerability, cognitive bias modification, emotion regulation training
- MeSH terms
- Acoustic Stimulation, Affect, Analysis of Variance, Anxiety, Discrimination, Psychological, Emotions, Environment, Generalization, Psychological, Humans, Language, Photic Stimulation, Reference Values, Set, Psychology, Stress, Psychological, Time Factors, Verbal Behavior, Comprehension
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