Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 622

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 72 of the 72 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Assessing the structural properties of graphitic and non-graphitic carbons by Raman spectroscopy

Open access
Schuepfer, Dominique B., Badaczewski, Felix, Guerra-Castro, Juan Manuel, Hofmann, Detlev M., Heiliger, Christian, Smarsly, Bernd, Klar, Peter J.·2020·Carbon
DOI 10.1016/j.carbon.2019.12.094
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

We study the transformation from molecular to crystalline of (non-)graphitic carbons synthesized from organic precursors by heat-treatment. Easy assessment of structural properties resulting from heat-treatment protocols is mandatory for industrial process monitoring. We demonstrate that Raman spectroscopy, in particular, the Raman lineshape analysis of G and D mode, offers quick assessment of the average sheet size of such carbons. We validate this method by performing Raman, WAXS and EPR measurements of series of resin and pitch-based carbons synthesized. The crystallite sizes of the WAXS analysis for the individual samples are related to corresponding positions and linewidths of G and D Raman modes and show excellent agreement between experiment and modelling from large sizes down to 4 nm. The theoretical master curves are independent of the precursor used in the synthesis, in contrast to models for the intensity ratio of D and G band versus size. We show that the latter are not universally valid and differ for each class of precursors. For sizes below 4 nm, our lineshape model fails as it is based on the bandstructure and phonon dispersions of ideal graphene. Thus, 4 nm corresponds to the fundamental transition from molecular to crystalline character for non-graphitic carbons.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.carbon.2019.12.094

Cites

72 of 72 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 72 references

Research works printed but not linked: 30

  1. Adelhelm, 2012, On the use of mesophase pitch for the preparation of hierarchical porous carbon monoliths by nanocasting, Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater., 13, 10.1088/1468-6996/13/1/015010 · doi:10.1088/1468-6996/13/1/015010
  2. Vidano, 1978, New lines in the Raman spectra of carbon and graphite, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 61, 13, 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1978.tb09219.x · doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1978.tb09219.x
  3. Jung, 2018, Electrochemical energy storage performance of carbon nanofiber electrodes derived from 6FDA-durene, Nanotechnology, 29, 275701, 10.1088/1361-6528/aabc9c · doi:10.1088/1361-6528/aabc9c
  4. Osipov, 2011, Raman characterization and UV optical absorption studies of surface plasmon resonance in multishell nanographite, Diam. Relat. Mater., 20, 205, 10.1016/j.diamond.2010.12.006 · doi:10.1016/j.diamond.2010.12.006
  5. Ferrari, 2001, Origin of the 1150 cm–1 Raman mode in nanocrystalline diamond, Phys. Rev. B, 63
  6. Kempiński, 2017, The impact of adsorption on the localization of spins in graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide, observed with electron paramagnetic resonance, Appl. Phys. Lett., 111, 10.1063/1.4996914 · doi:10.1063/1.4996914
  7. Vähäkangas, 2015, Spin doublet point defects in graphenes: predictions for ESR and NMR spectral parameters, J. Chem. Theory Comput., 11, 3746, 10.1021/acs.jctc.5b00402 · doi:10.1021/acs.jctc.5b00402
  8. Ćirić, 2012, Magnetism in nanoscale graphite flakes as seen via electron spin resonance, Phys. Rev. B, 85, 205437, 10.1103/PhysRevB.85.205437 · doi:10.1103/physrevb.85.205437
  9. Kausteklis, 2011, Electron paramagnetic resonance study of nanostructured graphite, Phys. Rev. B, 84, 125406, 10.1103/PhysRevB.84.125406 · doi:10.1103/physrevb.84.125406
  10. Smith, 2009, Electron spin resonance investigation of hydrogen absorption in ball-milled graphite, J. Phys. Chem. C, 113, 5409, 10.1021/jp809902r · doi:10.1021/jp809902r
  11. Donato, 2004, Wavelength-dependent Raman activity of D 2h symmetry polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the D-band and acoustic phonon regions, Chem. Phys., 301, 81, 10.1016/j.chemphys.2004.02.018 · doi:10.1016/j.chemphys.2004.02.018
  12. Mapelli, 1999, Common force field for graphite and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Phys. Rev. B, 60, 12710, 10.1103/PhysRevB.60.12710 · doi:10.1103/physrevb.60.12710
  13. Castiglioni, 2001, Origin of the D line in the Raman spectrum of graphite: a study based on Raman frequencies and intensities of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon molecules, J. Chem. Phys., 114, 963, 10.1063/1.1329670 · doi:10.1063/1.1329670
  14. Centrone, 2005, Structure of new carbonaceous materials: the role of vibrational spectroscopy, Carbon, 43, 1593, 10.1016/j.carbon.2005.01.040 · doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2005.01.040
  15. Campbell, 1986, The effects of microcrystal size and shape on the one phonon Raman spectra of crystalline semiconductors, Solid State Commun., 58, 739, 10.1016/0038-1098(86)90513-2 · doi:10.1016/0038-1098(86)90513-2
  16. Fauchet, 1988, Raman spectroscopy of low-dimensional semiconductors, Crit. Rev. Solid State, 14, s79, 10.1080/10408438808244783 · doi:10.1080/10408438808244783
  17. Li, 2016, Broadband optical properties of graphene by spectroscopic ellipsometry, Carbon, 99, 348, 10.1016/j.carbon.2015.12.007 · doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2015.12.007
  18. Badaczewski, 2019, Peering into the structural evolution of glass-like carbons derived from phenolic resin by combining small-angle neutron scattering with an advanced evaluation method for wide-angle X-ray scattering, Carbon, 141, 169, 10.1016/j.carbon.2018.09.025 · doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2018.09.025
  19. Kawamura, 1998, Electron spin resonance behavior of pitch-based carbons in the heat treatment temperature range of 1100 - 2000 °C, Carbon, 36, 1227, 10.1016/S0008-6223(98)00103-1 · doi:10.1016/s0008-6223(98)00103-1
  20. Zhecheva, 2002, EPR study on petroleum cokes annealed at different temperatures and used in lithium and sodium batteries, Carbon, 40, 2301, 10.1016/S0008-6223(02)00121-5 · doi:10.1016/s0008-6223(02)00121-5
  21. Barklie, 2003, Characterisation of defects in amorphous carbon by electron paramagnetic resonance, Diam. Relat. Mater., 12, 1427, 10.1016/S0925-9635(03)00004-9 · doi:10.1016/s0925-9635(03)00004-9
  22. Faber, 2014, Investigation of the microstructure of disordered, non-graphitic carbons by an advanced analysis method for wide-angle X-ray scattering, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 640, 3107, 10.1002/zaac.201400210 · doi:10.1002/zaac.201400210
  23. Ribeiro-Soares, 2015, Structural analysis of polycrystalline graphene systems by Raman spectroscopy, Carbon, 95, 646, 10.1016/j.carbon.2015.08.020 · doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2015.08.020
  24. Müller, 2007, Expanding benzene to giant graphenes: towards molecular devices, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A, 365, 1453
  25. Kürti, 2002, Double resonant Raman phenomena enhanced by van Hove singularities in single-wall carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. B, 65, 165433, 10.1103/PhysRevB.65.165433 · doi:10.1103/physrevb.65.165433
  26. Maultzsch, 2001, Chirality-selective Raman scattering of the D mode in carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. B, 64, 121407, 10.1103/PhysRevB.64.121407 · doi:10.1103/physrevb.64.121407
  27. Cronin, 2005, Resonant Raman spectroscopy of individual metallic and semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes under uniaxial strain, Phys. Rev. B, 72, 10.1103/PhysRevB.72.035425 · doi:10.1103/physrevb.72.035425
  28. Malard, 2010, Thermal enhancement of chemical doping in graphene: a Raman spectroscopy study, J. Phys. Condens. Matter, 22, 334202, 10.1088/0953-8984/22/33/334202 · doi:10.1088/0953-8984/22/33/334202
  29. Milošević, 2011, Kohn anomaly in graphene, Mater. Sci. Eng. B, 176, 510, 10.1016/j.mseb.2010.11.004 · doi:10.1016/j.mseb.2010.11.004
  30. Forster, 2013, Dielectric screening of the Kohn anomaly of graphene on hexagonal boron nitride, Phys. Rev. B, 88, 10.1103/PhysRevB.88.085419 · doi:10.1103/physrevb.88.085419

Cited by

See all 622

Metadata

Authors
Schuepfer, D. B., Badaczewski, F., Guerra-Castro, J. M., Hofmann, D. M., Heiliger, C., Smarsly, B., & Klar, P. J.
Venue
Carbon
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2020-05
Volume
161
Pages
359-372
ISSN
0008-6223 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.carbon.2019.12.094
OpenAlex
W3000570492
Cited by
622
References
72
FWCI
24.52
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
hybrid
Licence
Funders
  • Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
  • Justus Liebig Universität Gießen

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Assessing the structural properties of graphitic and non-graphitic carbons by Raman spectroscopy. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/j.carbon.2019.12.094
The paper
Schuepfer, D. B., Badaczewski, F., Guerra-Castro, J. M., Hofmann, D. M., Heiliger, C., Smarsly, B., & Klar, P. J. (2020). Assessing the structural properties of graphitic and non-graphitic carbons by Raman spectroscopy. Carbon. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2019.12.094

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.