Raman spectroscopy as a versatile tool for studying the properties of graphene
Open accessAbstract
Raman spectroscopy is an integral part of graphene research. It is used to determine the number and orientation of layers, the quality and types of edge, and the effects of perturbations, such as electric and magnetic fields, strain, doping, disorder and functional groups. This, in turn, provides insight into all sp(2)-bonded carbon allotropes, because graphene is their fundamental building block. Here we review the state of the art, future directions and open questions in Raman spectroscopy of graphene. We describe essential physical processes whose importance has only recently been recognized, such as the various types of resonance at play, and the role of quantum interference. We update all basic concepts and notations, and propose a terminology that is able to describe any result in literature. We finally highlight the potential of Raman spectroscopy for layered materials other than graphene.
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MXene utilized in this study can be oxidized at temperature higher than 600 °C.
“the MXene utilized in this study can be oxidized at temperature higher than 600 °C [20, 32–34]”
From Hybrid MXene/reduced graphene oxide aerogel microspheres for hydrogen evolution reaction (2021) · cites this paper as [32]
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- Authors
- Ferrari, A. C., & Basko, D. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Ferrari, Andrea C.
- Venue
- Nature Nanotechnology
- Published
- 2013-04
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 235-246
- ISSN
- 1748-3387 (ISSN-L)
- 1748-3395
- OpenAlex
- W2074880343
- Cited by
- 7,405
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 554 · 2025: 547 · 2024: 553 · 2023: 578 · 2022: 598 · 2021: 672 · 2020: 672 · 2019: 705 · 2018: 664 · 2017: 594 · 2016: 528 · 2015: 386 · 2014: 288 · 2013: 64 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 190.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Nanotechnology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Cambridge University Engineering Department Publications Database (submittedVersion)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Apollo
- Funders
- European Commission (314578)
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/K017144/1, EP/K01711X/1, EP/G042357/1)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Graphene research and applications
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › 2D Materials and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Diamond and Carbon-based Materials Research
- Keywords
- graphene, Raman spectroscopy, number of layers, layer orientation, edge types, strain, doping, disorder, functional groups, electric and magnetic fields, resonance, quantum interference, terminology, layered materials
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