Common Molecular Subtypes Among Asian Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Cholangiocarcinoma
Open accessAbstract
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are clinically disparate primary liver cancers with etiological and biological heterogeneity. We identified common molecular subtypes linked to similar prognosis among 199 Thai ICC and HCC patients through systems integration of genomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics. While ICC and HCC share recurrently mutated genes, including TP53, ARID1A, and ARID2, mitotic checkpoint anomalies distinguish the C1 subtype with key drivers PLK1 and ECT2, whereas the C2 subtype is linked to obesity, T cell infiltration, and bile acid metabolism. These molecular subtypes are found in 582 Asian, but less so in 265 Caucasian patients. Thus, Asian ICC and HCC, while clinically treated as separate entities, share common molecular subtypes with similar actionable drivers to improve precision therapy.
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PROX1 expression is lower in tumor samples than in normal tissues in patients with HCC.
“we assessed whether PROX1 is dysregulated in patients with HCC and found lower expression in tumor samples than in normal tissues24”
From Active repression of cell fate plasticity by PROX1 safeguards hepatocyte identity and prevents liver tumorigenesis (2025) · cites this paper as [24]
The Results section discusses PLK1 and ECT2 expression in HCC, and the STAR METHODS section describes paired tumor and nontumor expression measurements. Neither reports a PROX1 comparison. Searches for “PROX1” and for lower expression in HCC tumors than normal tissue found no passage addressing the claimed result; page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.73)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPROX1 expression was 1.4-fold higher in HCC than in CCA.
“Strikingly, PROX1 expression was 1.4-fold higher in HCC than in CCA24”
From Active repression of cell fate plasticity by PROX1 safeguards hepatocyte identity and prevents liver tumorigenesis (2025) · cites this paper as [24]
The Results section on subtype-related cancer drivers discusses expression of PLK1 and ECT2 in HCC and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, but does not report a PROX1 comparison. Searches for PROX1, the HCC-versus-CCA comparison, and “1.4-fold” found no passage establishing the claimed difference in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.74)
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- Authors
- Chaisaingmongkol, J., Budhu, A., Dang, H., Rabibhadana, S., Pupacdi, B., Kwon, S. M., Forgues, M., Pomyen, Y., Bhudhisawasdi, V., Lertprasertsuke, N., Chotirosniramit, A., Pairojkul, C., Auewarakul, C. U., Sricharunrat, T., Phornphutkul, K., Sangrajrang, S., Cam, M., He, P., Hewitt, S. M., Ylaya, K., Wu, X., Andersen, J. B., Thorgeirsson, S. S., Waterfall, J. J., Zhu, Y. J., Walling, J., Stevenson, H. S., Edelman, D., Meltzer, P. S., Loffredo, C. A., Hama, N., Shibata, T., Wiltrout, R. H., Harris, C. C., Mahidol, C., Ruchirawat, M., & Wang, X. W.
- Affiliations
- Chulabhorn Research Institute (TH)
- National Cancer Institute (US)
- Khon Kaen University (TH)
- Chiang Mai University (TH)
- HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science (TH)
- Chulabhorn Hospital (TH)
- Rajavej Chiang Mai Hospital (TH)
- National Cancer Institute of Thailand (TH)
- United States Food and Drug Administration (US)
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (US)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Georgetown University Medical Center (US)
- National Cancer Center Research Institute (JP)
- Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (JP)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mahidol, Chulabhorn
- Ruchirawat, Mathuros
- Wang, Xin W.
- ORCID
- Chaisaingmongkol, Jittiporn
- Budhu, Anuradha
- Dang, Hien
- Rabibhadana, Siritida
- Pupacdi, Benjarath
- Kwon, So Mee
- Forgues, Marshonna
- Pomyen, Yotsawat
- Lertprasertsuke, Nirush
- Auewarakul, Chirayu U.
- Sricharunrat, Thaniya
- Sangrajrang, Suleeporn
- Cam, Maggie
- He, Ping
- Hewitt, Stephen M.
- Ylaya, Kris
- Wu, Xiaolin
- Andersen, Jesper B.
- Waterfall, Joshua J.
- Zhu, Yuelin J.
- Walling, Jennifer
- Stevenson, Holly S.
- Edelman, Daniel
- Meltzer, Paul S.
- Loffredo, Christopher A.
- Shibata, Tatsuhiro
- Harris, Curtis C.
- Mahidol, Chulabhorn
- Ruchirawat, Mathuros
- Wang, Xin W.
- Venue
- Cancer Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-07
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 57-70.e3
- ISSN
- 1535-6108 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5524207
- OpenAlex
- W2660993003
- Cited by
- 434
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 60 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 55 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 6 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 37.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cancer Cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute
- Chulabhorn Research Institute
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Cholangiocarcinoma and Gallbladder Cancer Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treatment and Prognosis
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer Genomics and Diagnostics
- Keywords
- hepatocellular carcinoma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, molecular subtypes, TP53 mutation, ARID1A, ARID2, spindle assembly checkpoint, PLK1, ECT2, obesity, T cell infiltration, bile acid metabolism, precision therapy, Asian patients, Thai patients
- MeSH terms
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular, Humans, Liver Neoplasms, Prognosis, Cluster Analysis, Cholangiocarcinoma, Asian People, Kaplan-Meier Estimate, Transcriptome
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