LIBER8 design and methods: An integrative intervention for loss of control eating among African American and White adolescent girls
Open accessAbstract
Loss of control (LOC) eating affects a significant number of adolescents of all racial and ethnic backgrounds and is associated with numerous psychosocial problems, including depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, body dissatisfaction, and weight concerns. However, empirically validated, culturally sensitive treatments for adolescents with these disordered eating behaviors are not available. This pilot project involved designing a developmentally and culturally appropriate treatment for LOC eating for adolescent girls. We intend to conduct multiple focus groups with adolescent girls who engage in LOC eating, and their primary caregivers. Data from these groups will inform the subsequent creation of a manualized treatment protocol. We will then evaluate the efficacy of this intervention (LIBER8-Linking Individuals Being Emotionally Real) to reduce LOC eating. This intervention will integrate components of dialectical behavior therapy, such as mindfulness and distress tolerance skills training, and cognitive-behavioral therapy. We will also integrate text-messaging, a key adolescent communication strategy, as a means of self-monitoring. Participants meeting study criteria will be offered participation in this 12-week randomized controlled trial comparing LIBER8 to a weight management control condition (2BFit). We hypothesize that this intervention will serve to reduce LOC eating, as well as improve psychosocial functioning as evidenced by decreased depression, anxiety, eating disorder cognitions, emotional eating, impulsivity, and improved quality of life. The feasibility and acceptability of this intervention will be extensively evaluated with the explicit intent of informing a subsequent larger randomized controlled trial. © 2012.
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Claims the paper makes
18 of 135 cited sources checked · 9 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
About 35% of youth with these disordered eating behaviors report that restrictive dieting comes before binge or loss of control eating.
“This is important, as empirical studies have found that restrictive dieting precedes binge and LOC eating for approximately 35% of youth who engage in these disordered eating behaviors [25].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [25] source
The Results section (Temporal Order of Reported Overweight, Dieting, and LOC Eating; page unavailable) says 9 of 27 overweight children who reported both dieting and LOC eating reported dieting first—about 33%, close to the claimed 35%. The paper describes attempted diets, not necessarily restrictive dieting, and its finding is limited to overweight children with both behaviors rather than youth with disordered eating behaviors generally. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Research on interventions promoting healthy eating in adult women found that African Americans preferred a group approach over an individual approach.
“Moreover, research on interventions promoting healthy eating in adult women [68, 69] found that African Americans preferred a group (versus individual) approach.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [68]
- cites [69] source
The section “Overcoming Disparities with Communitybased Approaches” (page not provided) says some research suggests minority populations may respond better to interventions built on social support and community norms than to individual education and behavior change. It does not report that African American adult women preferred group-based healthy-eating interventions over individual ones; the citing sentence is more specific and more definite than the source. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Empirical data indicate that weight management interventions, despite not targeting LOC eating, often lead to decreases in bulimic symptoms among participants.
“This specific type of control group was selected based on empirical data which show that, although weight management interventions do not specifically address LOC eating, participants in these types of interventions tend to manifest reductions in bulimic symptoms [101, 102].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [101] source
- cites [102] source
The Background’s ‘Treatment of adolescent obesity’ section discusses weight-management approaches and reductions in overweight, not bulimic symptoms. The Methods and design section describes the Loozit intervention but reports no outcomes for loss-of-control eating or bulimic symptoms. Searches for those terms and for binge eating found no passage in this protocol establishing the claimed tendency. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Participatory experiences enhance intervention efficacy via guided skills practice in the natural environment.
“It is important to incorporate participatory experiences such as these into the intervention to enhance overall efficacy via guided skills practice in the natural environment [99, 100].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [99] source
- cites [100] source
The Methods section (‘CB Depression Prevention Intervention’; page unavailable) says the program actively engaged adolescents, used in-session skills exercises, and assigned homework to help them apply skills in daily life. It also says interventions that actively engage participants are more effective than psychoeducation. The paper does not establish that guided practice in a natural environment was the mechanism that enhanced efficacy; its guided exercises were in-session, while daily-life application was assigned as homework. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
In work with children, researchers have typically emphasized the feeling of losing control while eating, independent of whether the reported amount eaten is unambiguously large.
“Therefore, researchers working with children have generally focused on the experience of LOC during eating, regardless of whether the reported amount of food consumed is unambiguously large [22, 24].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
- Premisecitation
Dialectical behavior therapy shows promise as a treatment for loss of control eating.
“DBT is another promising approach for the treatment of LOC eating behavior [27].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [27]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Concerns remain about the validity of existing measures for evaluating binge eating in youth.
“Although several measures exist to evaluate binge eating in youth [17-19], concerns about their validity remain [20-22].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
In a review of binge eating disorder treatment with adults, cognitive-behavioral therapy was moderately effective in reducing binge frequency and related eating attitudes and behaviors such as disinhibition and restraint.
“Moreover, in a review of the effectiveness of BED treatment with adults, Brownley et al. [34] reported that CBT was moderately effective in reducing binge frequency and related eating attitudes and behaviors, such as disinhibition and restraint.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [34] source
- Premisecitation
Binge eating in youth is associated with psychosocial problems including depression, anxiety, and body dissatisfaction.
“Binge eating in youth is associated with numerous psychosocial problems, including depression, anxiety, and body dissatisfaction [4, 5, 7, 8].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked - Interpretationreasoning
Developing effective interventions for binge eating in youth could reduce the long-term impact of binge eating disorder on quality of life.
“Thus, the development of effective interventions targeting binge eating in youth could reduce the significant impact of BED on quality of life over the lifespan.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
For eating disorders in adults, especially bulimia nervosa, cognitive-behavioral therapy is regarded as the gold standard treatment.
“First, CBT is considered the “gold standard” of treatment for eating disorders in adults, particularly bulimia nervosa [32, 33].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
For adolescents with other psychiatric conditions like depression, cognitive-behavioral treatments have successfully lowered symptoms.
“Secondly, treatments based on this theoretical approach have effectively reduced symptomatology among adolescents with other psychiatric diagnoses, such as depression [35].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [35] source
- Interpretationcitation
Uncontrolled eating in children might not involve an unambiguously large amount of food because such food is unavailable.
“Thus, although their eating might be uncontrolled, an unambiguously large amount of food might not be consumed because it is simply unavailable.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Binge eating is difficult to assess in youth.
“Despite its public health significance, binge eating is difficult to assess.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In traditional adult assessments, a binge episode is counted only when the amount eaten is considered unambiguously large.
“Traditional adult assessments of binge eating require that a binge episode be identified only if the amount of food consumed is deemed “unambiguously large” [23].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [23] source
- Premisecitation
Many adults with binge eating disorder report that their symptoms began in childhood.
“Many adults with BED report that their symptoms began in childhood [3].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [3] source
- Interpretationreasoning
Adolescents who binge eat are particularly vulnerable to psychological distress that is not solely due to their weight status.
“Thus, adolescents who engage in binge eating appear to be particularly vulnerable to psychological distress which does not appear to be attributable solely to their weight status.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
It is often difficult to determine whether children have consumed an unambiguously large amount of food because of varying energy needs during physical development.
“Given the varying energy needs of physically developing children, it is often difficult to make this determination.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Loss of control behavior appears similar across ethnic and racial groups, indicating that African American, White, and Hispanic adolescents are affected equally.
“Finally, no differences in LOC behavior have been identified across ethnic or racial groups, suggesting that these problematic eating styles affect African American, White, and Hispanic adolescents equally [5, 11].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
The affect regulation model of binge eating attributes binge eating to deficits in emotion regulation skills.
“Moreover, this treatment approach is consistent with the affect regulation model of binge eating behavior described by Wiser and colleagues [38] which attributes binge eating to deficits in emotion regulation skills.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [38] source
- Interpretationreasoning
A cognitive-behavioral therapy-based approach should be effective in reducing loss of control eating and other maladaptive behaviors among adolescents.
“Thus, a CBT-based approach should be effective in reducing the problems of LOC eating, as well as other specific maladaptive behaviors, among adolescents.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Cognitive-behavioral therapy directly targets specific maladaptive behaviors, such as restrictive dieting.
- Premisecitation
The severity of binge eating affects psychosocial functioning more than the severity or duration of obesity does.
“Moreover, although binge eating is associated with obesity in adolescence [7, 12], studies have suggested that binge eating severity is a stronger influence on psychosocial functioning than the severity or duration of obesity [4, 5, 7, 10].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked - Study design and conductreasoning
The experimental design guards against multiple threats to internal validity.
“Use of this experimental design offers protection from several threats to the study’s internal validity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Emotion regulation difficulties are linked to challenges like poverty and neighborhood violence that urban African American youth more often face.
“Further, a recent report by the American Psychological Association [63], notes that challenges more commonly faced by urban African American youth, such as poverty and neighborhood violence, are associated with emotion regulation difficulties.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [63] source
- Interpretationcitation
Adolescents are a particularly suitable group for training in distress tolerance and emotion regulation.
“In addition to its relevance to LOC eating behavior, training in distress tolerance and emotion regulation skills is also particularly appropriate for adolescents.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Incorporating technological tools frequently used by adolescents is a promising approach to enhance adherence.
“The incorporation of technological tools that are frequently used by adolescents is one approach that holds particular promise [42].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [42] source
- Premisecitation
Among African American adolescents, binge eating represents a substantial problem.
“Studies of pediatric samples suggest that binge eating is a significant problem among African American adolescents [4, 5].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Study design and conductcitation
Because both groups are assessed at the end of the intervention, maturation, history, and testing effects are controlled.
“Moreover, because both the intervention and control groups are assessed at the end of the intervention, factors such as maturation, history, and testing effects are controlled [71].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [71]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
The collectivist orientation of many African Americans is consistent with a group approach.
“This is consistent with the collectivist orientation of many African Americans [68].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [68]
- Premisecitation
People are more willing to disclose personal and sensitive information online because they worry less about what the moderator thinks of them.
“Other studies have found that participants prefer to share personal and sensitive information virtually as they are less concerned with the moderator’s opinion of them [49, 50].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Culturally relevant interventions yield positive outcomes with African American adolescent girls in other areas of adolescent mental health including substance abuse.
“Studies in other areas of adolescent mental health including substance abuse [64, 65], have found that culturally relevant interventions yield positive outcomes with African American adolescent girls.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Study design and conductreasoning
Use of a pretest will enable control for pre-intervention individual differences in scores on the dependent measures.
“In particular, use of a pretest will enable us to control for pre-intervention individual differences in scores on the dependent measures.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductcitation
Regression to the mean and selection are controlled by random assignment.
“Additional internal validity threats such as regression to the mean and selection are controlled by the use of random assignment [71].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [71]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
A group format fits the communal and collectivist values of the African American community, which stress relationships and expressive communication.
“The group format of the intervention is also consistent with the communal, collectivist orientation of the African American community, which emphasizes interpersonal relationships, and the value placed on expressive communication [67, 68].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [67] source
- cites [68]
- Premisecitation
In studies of adolescents, the EDE yields more valid data on binge eating than the self-report EDE-Q does.
“The EDE has been found to yield more valid results regarding binge eating behaviors than the EDE-Q, a self-report questionnaire, in studies of adolescents [74, 75].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Study design and conductnone given
Using identical recruitment and retention methods for both groups should reduce differential attrition.
“Differential attrition by group will be minimized by using the same recruitment and retention strategies for each group.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
African American adolescents are at high risk for loss of control eating behaviors.
“LIBER8 will address a critical gap in the literature on the treatment of LOC eating by focusing on the needs of African American adolescents, a group at high risk for these eating disorder behaviors [58-61].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked - Premisecitation
Cultural factors strongly shape how food is chosen, prepared, and eaten.
“Enhancing the cultural sensitivity of interventions is also important because food selection, preparation, and the eating process itself (including how and with whom food is eaten) are significantly influenced by cultural factors [66, 67].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Study design and conductcitation
The M.I.N.I. has evidenced sufficient and similar reliability and validity when compared with other diagnostic screening tools such as the CIDI and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV.
“The M.I.N.I. has evidenced sufficient and similar reliability and validity when compared with other diagnostic screening tools such as the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV [72].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [72]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Young people choose texting over other communication methods, reportedly because it gives them greater control over conversations and time to respond.
“Studies suggest that youth prefer texting over other forms of communication because they feel they have more control over conversations and can take time before responding [48].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [48] source
- Premisecitation
Adolescence is a pivotal time for expanding the coping repertoire because emerging cognitive skills facilitate use of a wider range of coping strategies.
“This developmental period is a pivotal time for the expansion of individuals’ coping repertoire, as emerging cognitive skills can facilitate adolescents’ ability to use a wider range of coping strategies [39].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [39] source
- Premisecitation
The EDE-Q has evidence supporting its reliability and validity.
“It includes four subscales (Restraint, Shape Concern, Weight Concern, and Eating Concern) and has evidence of good reliability and validity [77, 78].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
The CERQ was validated in an adolescent sample.
“The CERQ was validated in an adolescent sample [90], and scores on this measure are associated with internalizing psychopathology among adolescents [91].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [90] source
- Premisecitation
Two treatment approaches have previously shown positive results in adult samples.
“Further, it will integrate two treatment approaches previously shown to yield positive results in adult samples [27, 32, 33, 38], and tailor delivery to African American adolescents.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked - Premisecitation
The CDI version used was validated with 10-18-year-olds.
“This version of the CDI was validated with 10-18-year-olds, has been used with African American adolescents, and its reliability and validity are well-established [81, 82].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Interpretationcitation
This study could affect a large share of young people who are at risk for long-term mental health problems.
“Given the significant number of overweight adolescent girls with LOC eating [6, 7], the current study has the potential to impact a substantial proportion of youth at risk for chronic mental health issues.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
- May combine two claims. 21
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 42
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationLoss of control eating is prevalent among adolescents and is associated with adverse psychological and physical outcomes.
“LOC eating, regardless of the amount of food consumed, is associated with adverse psychological and physical correlates and outcomes [4, 24-26].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 4 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationBinge eating disorder is typically chronic and is associated with significant impairment in daily functioning and obesity.
“BED is typically chronic and is associated with significant impairment in daily functioning and obesity [1, 2].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationBinge eating predicts excess weight gain and psychological distress over time.
“Binge eating is also predictive of excess weight gain [13-15] and psychological distress over time [16].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim3 of 4 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationTexting has been used in prior health care intervention studies.
“Previous studies have applied texting to health care interventions [43-47].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim3 of 5 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationAlthough self-monitoring works, both children and adults often adhere poorly to it.
“Despite the efficacy of self-monitoring, adherence is often poor for both children and adults [51-54].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 4 sources checked- cites [51] source
- cites [52] source
The sections “Role of Self-Monitoring in Enhancing Weight Loss” and “Levels of Compliance with Self-Monitoring” describe benefits for weight loss alongside widely varying, sometimes poor compliance. The copy does not establish that poor adherence occurs in children specifically; the cited sentence extends the finding to both children and adults. Page numbers are unavailable in the indexed passages. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [53] source
- cites [54]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationAssigning homework between sessions allows skills learned to be practiced.
“In addition, homework will be assigned between sessions so that the skills learned can be practiced [100].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [100] source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe BIS-11 yields internally consistent scores.
“This measure yields internally consistent scores [93].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [93] source
The Methods and Discussion report internal consistency for the EAH-C and other measures, but not for the BIS-11. A search for “BIS-11” found no passage addressing that measure, so this copy cannot verify the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe RCADS has demonstrated good psychometric properties with community and clinical adolescent samples.
“This measure has demonstrated good psychometric properties with community and clinical adolescent samples [83, 84].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [83] source
- cites [84] source
The Method section describes the CDI, STAIC, and CBCL, while the Results and Conclusion evaluate the EES-C. Searches for RCADS and for psychometric properties in community and clinical adolescent samples found no passage addressing the claim. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationLoss-of-control eating is common, particularly in overweight adolescents, and it correlates with psychopathology in this population.
“LOC eating is prevalent, especially among overweight adolescents, and is associated with psychopathology in this age group [4, 24, 25].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [4] source
- cites [24] source
- cites [25] source
The Results (LOC Eating; page unavailable) report that 29.5% of the overweight children had experienced LOC eating and that those children had higher scores on several measures of eating disturbance and psychological problems. The Methods describe participants aged 6–13, and the Discussion characterizes the findings as concerning middle childhood. The paper therefore supports the association in overweight children, but not the claim that LOC eating is especially prevalent among overweight adolescents. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationScores on the BIS-11 have been associated with measures of planning and impulse control.
“Scores on this measure have been associated with measures of planning and impulse control [93].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [93] source
The Methods and Results passages describe the EAH-C and its relationships with eating, anxiety, and depressive-symptom measures. Searches for BIS-11 and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale found no passage addressing associations with planning or impulse-control measures. (LLM, conf=0.77)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationIt has been proposed that emotion regulation and distress tolerance skills would be useful for other clinical problems, including eating disorders, in which maladaptive coping mechanisms manage negative affect.
“It has been proposed that these skills would be useful for other clinical problems, including eating disorders, in which maladaptive coping mechanisms are used to manage negative affect [36, 37].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationLarge quantities of food may be unavailable to children.
“Moreover, as noted by Goossens et al. [24], children might not have access to large amounts of food.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [24] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe link between binge eating and distress has been observed in both treatment-seeking and non-treatment-seeking adolescents and across diverse ethnic and racial groups.
“Further, the association between binge eating and distress has been found in both treatment-seeking [4, 9] and non-treatment seeking [10, 11] adolescents, and in diverse ethnic and racial groups [4, 5].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 5 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationNearly one third of adolescents seeking obesity treatment report binge eating behavior.
“Nearly a third of adolescents seeking obesity treatment report binge eating behavior [4-7].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checkedClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationnone givenFindings from the small randomized controlled trial will yield effect sizes to inform a subsequent large-scale trial.
“Findings from this small RCT will yield effect sizes to inform a subsequent large-scale RCT.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenTreatment fidelity will be assessed by rating three audiotapes from each group against the treatment manual.
“Three audiotapes from each group will be rated for fidelity to the treatment manual by research staff.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationInterventions that target affect regulation may need to consider cultural variation in how emotions are expressed.
“Cultural differences in emotional expression norms might have important implications for interventions addressing affect regulation [63].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [63] source
May combine two claims.
Study design and conductreasoningContamination of other treatment effects is controlled for by random assignment and by considering other treatments as covariates in data analysis.
“Contamination of other treatment effects is also controlled for by random assignment and in data analysis where other treatments will be considered as covariates.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
InterpretationreasoningAdding text-messaging to interventions targeting adolescents seems promising because texting is a preferred form of communication in this age group.
“Adding this element to interventions targeting adolescents seems promising, as texting is a preferred form of communication in this age group.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationTreatment nonadherence among adolescents with chronic health conditions is well-known and associated with significant morbidity.
“The problem of treatment nonadherence among adolescents with chronic health conditions is well-known, and is associated with significant morbidity [40, 41].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationreasoningAllowing members of other ethnic/racial groups to enroll could mitigate potential concerns about the external validity of a treatment tailored for one group.
“This could mitigate potential concerns about the external validity of a treatment tailored for one group.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationAfrican American youth who engage in loss of control eating report clinical impairment comparable to that of their White peers on measures of quality of life, depression, anxiety, and self-esteem, suggesting that ethnicity does not buffer against negative effects.
“Further, African American youth who engage in LOC eating report clinical impairment comparable to that of their White peers on measures of quality of life, depression, anxiety, and self-esteem, suggesting that ethnicity does not provide any buffering effect against the negative effects of this eating disorder [4, 5, 62].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationreasoningBecause the sample is anticipated to be predominantly African American and White, the approach should enable the resulting treatment to be disseminated effectively, particularly to these two groups.
“As we anticipate a sample composed predominantly of African American and White participants, this approach should enable the resulting treatment to be disseminated effectively, particularly to these two groups.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The majority of participants in Stage 1 (and Stages 2 and 3) will be African American.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationText-messaging is a promising and innovative approach to decrease loss of control eating behaviors.
“Given adolescents’ comfort with technology, the frequency of cell phone use, the promising results of text-messaging pilot studies [44, 55], the behavioral principles supported by immediate feedback [56, 57], and problems with adherence to traditional monitoring, we are studying text-messaging as a promising and innovative approach to decrease LOC eating behaviors.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked- Rests on an assumption: Research has not examined the use of text-messaging in the treatment of loss of control eating in adolescents.
- Rests on an assumption: Texting can serve as a convenient method of self-monitoring.
- Rests on an assumption: According to behavioral theory, self-monitoring is key to behavior change because it helps people learn patterns and stick to goals.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductcitationThe study will give participants a one-page handout with definitions and examples of eating episodes to improve the EDE-Q's validity, as recommended.
“To enhance the validity of this measure, a one-page handout will provide participants with definitions and examples of the different types of eating episodes, as is recommended [79].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [79]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe intervention tested here will be culturally sensitive without being designed for a single cultural group.
“Thus, the treatment developed and evaluated in this trial will be culturally sensitive and not tailored to only one culture.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenTherapists in both groups will be blinded to the study's hypotheses.
“Therapists in both groups will be blinded to the study’s hypotheses.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationANCOVA is a particularly useful statistical technique for studies using a pretest-posttest design with random assignment, because it enhances statistical power by reducing error variance.
“ANCOVA is a particularly useful statistical technique for studies using a pretest-posttest design with random assignment, because it enhances statistical power by reducing error variance [109].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [109]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationSeveral authors have suggested that the effectiveness of disease-specific interventions is limited because they do not adequately address factors that promote resiliency in individuals with disordered eating.
“The emphasis on skills training is particularly relevant for adolescents, as several authors have suggested that the effectiveness of disease-specific interventions is limited, because they do not adequately address factors that promote resiliency in individuals with disordered eating [96, 97], but rather, primarily focus on modifying specific unhealthy behaviors, such as bingeing.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [96] source
- cites [97]
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationItems from the RCADS were formulated to be consistent with DSM-IV diagnostic criteria.
“Items from the RCADS [83] were formulated to be consistent with diagnostic criteria in the DSM-IV [73].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationreasoningAt present, pay-as-you-go cell service is the cheapest way to get all the phones required for the planned period.
“At this time, “pay-as-you-go” cellular service is the most cost-effective manner in which to obtain all the phones needed during our proposed time period.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenOnly study staff will have access to identifiable information, and they will be required to complete HIPAA training.
“Only study staff will have access to identifiable information, and they will be required to complete Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) training.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe CDI has been used with African American adolescents.
“This version of the CDI was validated with 10-18-year-olds, has been used with African American adolescents, and its reliability and validity are well-established [81, 82].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenThe DSMB will meet regularly, have access to all protocol data, and have authority to inquire into protocol process and to suspend or terminate a protocol.
“The DSMB will meet regularly, have access to all protocol data, and will have the authority to inquire into protocol process and to suspend or terminate a protocol.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenDeactivating lost phones should make participants less likely to want to keep them.
“This deactivation procedure should decrease the likelihood that participants will be tempted to keep the phones.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductcitationThe study will use videotaping, transcription, and content analysis to enhance the validity of focus group data.
“Sessions will be videotaped and transcribed, and content analysis will be used to identify and code the major themes in the data [108].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [108] source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenLIBER8 and 2BFit therapists will attend separate clinical training and supervision sessions and will be directed not to read or discuss each other's manuals or treatment process.
“LIBER8 and 2BFit therapists will attend separate clinical training and supervision sessions, and will be directed not to read or discuss each other’s manuals or treatment process.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenAll study staff will be required to complete the CITI course in human subjects' protection.
“In addition, all study staff will be required to complete the Collaborative Investigator Training Initiative (CITI) course in human subjects’ protection.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe EES-C has demonstrated good internal consistency, convergent and discriminant validity, and temporal stability with children and adolescents.
“This measure has demonstrated good internal consistency, convergent and discriminant validity, and temporal stability with children and adolescents [85].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [85] source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningSince texting is unlimited and calls are blocked, the monthly fees will stay the same.
“Because texting service is unlimited, and calls are not allowed, monthly service fees will remain constant.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationScores on the CERQ are associated with internalizing psychopathology among adolescents.
“The CERQ was validated in an adolescent sample [90], and scores on this measure are associated with internalizing psychopathology among adolescents [91].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [91] source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductnone givenCare will be taken by the investigators to ensure that there is no overlap between the two interventions' manuals.
“Care will be taken by the investigators to ensure that there is no overlap between the two interventions’ manuals.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe interactive and interdependent nature of the skill-building activities is consistent with relational cultural values of girls and African Americans.
“The interactive and interdependent nature of the skill building activities are also consistent with relational cultural values of girls and African Americans [95].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [95] source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenThe database will be password-protected, regularly backed up, and maintained on a secure server behind a firewall.
“The database will be password-protected, regularly backed up, and maintained on a secure server behind a firewall.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationreasoningThe intervention is estimated to last about 12 weeks.
“Based on our previous experiences with clients with eating concerns in our clinic, we have estimated that the intervention will be approximately 12 weeks in duration.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe EAH-C manifested convergent validity with measures of emotional and LOC eating.
“Further, it manifested convergent validity with measures of emotional and LOC eating.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [94] source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenData will be double-entered by the project coordinator and a research assistant.
“Data will be double-entered by the project coordinator and a research assistant with extensive experience in database management.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe EAH-C was validated in a sample of youth ages 6-19, nearly a third of whom were African American.
“The EAH-C was validated in a sample of youth ages 6-19 (nearly a third of whom were African American) [94].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [94] source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe PedsQL yields reliable scores and effectively discriminates between healthy children and those with health problems.
“The PedsQL yields reliable scores and effectively discriminates between healthy children and those with health problems [86, 88].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [86] source
- cites [88]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationnone givenKeeping extra phones available costs far less than buying the optional insurance that most carriers offer.
“Having more phones on hand is also much less expensive than paying for the optional insurance provided by most cell carriers.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenParticipants will be assigned a code number to maintain confidentiality.
“Participants will be assigned a code number, which will be used, instead of names, to maintain confidentiality.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe CDI's reliability and validity are well-established.
“This version of the CDI was validated with 10-18-year-olds, has been used with African American adolescents, and its reliability and validity are well-established [81, 82].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe EAH-C yielded internally consistent and temporally stable scores.
“The measure yielded internally consistent and temporally stable scores.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [94] source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenAn independent rater will review both manuals prior to the training.
“An independent rater will review both manuals prior to the training.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenAn independent clinical-scientist will serve as the study's Data and Safety Monitor.
“Although the proposed study does not technically require a formal Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB), we have asked an independent clinical-scientist to serve as the study’s Data and Safety Monitor.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
There are few empirically-based treatments for loss of control eating for adolescents.
“However, there are few empirically-based treatments for LOC eating for this age group.”
The paper relies on this without support.
No studies have investigated the efficacy of eating disorder treatment designed to be culturally sensitive in African American adults or children.
“However, no studies have investigated the efficacy of eating disorder treatment that was designed to be culturally sensitive, in either African American adults or children.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Research has not examined the use of text-messaging in the treatment of loss of control eating in adolescents.
“To date, research has not examined the use of text-messaging in the treatment of LOC eating in adolescents.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy directly targets specific maladaptive behaviors, such as restrictive dieting.
“Thirdly, CBT directly targets specific maladaptive behaviors, such as restrictive dieting.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Texting can serve as a convenient method of self-monitoring.
“Texting can also serve as a convenient method of self-monitoring.”
The paper relies on this without support.
According to behavioral theory, self-monitoring is key to behavior change because it helps people learn patterns and stick to goals.
“Behavioral theory defines self-monitoring as central to behavior change because it enhances learning about patterns and promotes adherence to goals.”
The paper relies on this without support.
A large number of African American youth reside in low-resource neighborhoods with limited healthy food options.
“Additionally, food availability is often dependent on context and many African American youth live in under-resourced communities where food choices are poor.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The majority of participants in Stage 1 (and Stages 2 and 3) will be African American.
“Based on our previous research in the Richmond community, and the aim of this project to enhance understanding of LOC eating in African American girls, we anticipate that the majority of participants in Stage 1 (and Stages 2 and 3), will be African American.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Teenagers typically find it easier to share in small pairs than in a larger group at first.
“Many activities will occur within small dyads and will then be brought back to the larger group, as adolescents are generally more comfortable with this approach than with initially sharing in a larger group.”
The paper relies on this without support.
For young people's mental health, the feeling of loss of control while eating matters more than simply eating a large quantity of food as in a classic binge.
“Further, the experience of LOC during eating appears to be more relevant to mental health outcomes in youth than is the reported consumption of a large amount of food that characterizes a classic binge episode.”
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MethodBinge eating as escape from self-awareness
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BackgroundIncidence, prevalence and mortality of anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders
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“LIBER8 will address a critical gap in the literature on the treatment of LOC eating by focusing on the needs of African American adolescents, a group at high risk for these eating disorder behaviors [58–61].”
BackgroundDietary Guidelines for Americans, 2005
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“Binge eating is also predictive of excess weight gain [13-15] and psychological distress over time [16].”
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“The CERQ was validated in an adolescent sample [90], and scores on this measure are associated with internalizing psychopathology among adolescents [91].”
MethodPredictors of Health‐Related Quality of Life in Obese Youth
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“The CDI [80] will be used to assess symptoms of depression.”
MethodEating disorders in White and Black women
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“Given adolescents' comfort with technology, the frequency of cell phone use, the promising results of text-messaging pilot studies [44,55], the behavioral principles supported by immediate feedback [56,57], and problems with adherence to traditional monitoring, we are studying text-messaging as a promising and innovat…”
BackgroundTanofsky‐Kraff, M., Yanovski, S. Z., Schvey, N. A., Olsen, C. H., Gustafson, J., & Yanovski, J. A. (2009) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20580 · Cited by 273 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Binge eating is also predictive of excess weight gain [13-15] and psychological distress over time [16].”
BackgroundSelf-citationTemporal stability of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire
Mond, J. M., Hay, P. J., Rodgers, B., Owen, C., & Beumont, P. J. V. (2004) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20017 · Cited by 271 · cited 1× · see citing works
“It includes four subscales (Restraint, Shape Concern, Weight Concern, and Eating Concern) and has evidence of good reliability and validity [77, 78].”
BackgroundTanofsky-Kraff, M., Cohen, M. L., Yanovski, S. Z., Cox, C., Theim, K. R., Keil, M., Reynolds, J. C., & Yanovski, J. A. (2006) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2005-1329 · Cited by 258 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Binge eating is also predictive of excess weight gain [13-15] and psychological distress over time [16].”
BackgroundSelf-citationDisordered eating attitudes and behaviors in overweight youth
Goldschmidt, A. B., Aspen, V. P., Sinton, M. M., Tanofsky‐Kraff, M., & Wilfley, D. E. (2008) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2007.48 · Cited by 257 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Although several measures exist to evaluate binge eating in youth [17-19], concerns about their validity remain [20-22].”
BackgroundSelf-citationCultural aspects of African American eating patterns
Airhihenbuwa, C. O., Kumanyika, S., Agurs, T. D., Lowe, A., Saunders, D., & Morssink, C. B. (1996) · Ethnicity & Health · doi:10.1080/13557858.1996.9961793 · Cited by 255 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Enhancing the cultural sensitivity of interventions is also important because food selection, preparation, and the eating process itself (including how and with whom food is eaten) are significantly influenced by cultural factors [66, 67].”
BackgroundBinge eating in children and adolescents
Marcus, M. D., & Kalarchian, M. A. (2003) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.10205 · Cited by 237 · cited 3× · see citing works
“They must also speak English, and meet criteria for LOC-Eating Disorder [as defined by Tanofsky-Kraff and colleagues [22] or BED in children, as defined by Marcus and Kalarchian [21].”
BackgroundThe efficacy of tailored interventions
Ryan, P., & Lauver, D. R. (2002) · Journal of Nursing Scholarship · doi:10.1111/j.1547-5069.2002.00331.x · Cited by 230 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Given adolescents’ comfort with technology, the frequency of cell phone use, the promising results of text-messaging pilot studies [44, 55], the behavioral principles supported by immediate feedback [56, 57], and problems with adherence to traditional monitoring, we are studying text-messaging as a promising and innov…”
BackgroundValidation of the emotional eating scale adapted for use in children and adolescents [EES-C]
Tanofsky‐Kraff, M., Theim, K. R., Yanovski, S. Z., Bassett, A. M., Burns, N. P., Ranzenhofer, L. M., Glasofer, D. R., & Yanovski, J. A. (2007) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20362 · Cited by 229 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Emotional Eating Scale – Adapted for Children (EES-C): The EES-C is a 25-item measure that will assess participants’ desire to eat as a means of coping with an array of negative emotions, including anger, sadness, and anxiety [85].”
BackgroundSelf-citationJones, M., Luce, K. H., Osborne, M. I., Taylor, K., Cunning, D., Doyle, A. C., Wilfley, D. E., & Taylor, C. B. (2008) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2007-1173 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Binge eating in overweight treatment-seeking adolescents
Glasofer, D. R., Tanofsky-Kraff, M., Eddy, K. T., Yanovski, S. Z., Theim, K. R., Mirch, M. C., Ghorbani, S., Ranzenhofer, L. M., Haaga, D., & Yanovski, J. A. (2007) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsl012 · Cited by 212 · cited 8× · see citing works
“Nearly a third of adolescents seeking obesity treatment report binge eating behavior [4-7].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationCognitive Behaviour Therapy for Eating Disorders
Cooper, Z., & Shafran, R. (2008) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465808004736 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Binge eating in obese children and adolescents
Decaluwé, V., Braet, C., & Fairburn, C. G. (2003) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.10110 · Cited by 200 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Further, the association between binge eating and distress has been found in both treatment-seeking [4, 9] and non-treatment seeking [10, 11] adolescents, and in diverse ethnic and racial groups [4, 5].”
BackgroundRecurrent binge eating in Black American women
Striegel-Moore, R. H. (2000) · Archives of Family Medicine · doi:10.1001/archfami.9.1.83 · Cited by 190 · cited 1× · see citing works
“LIBER8 will address a critical gap in the literature on the treatment of LOC eating by focusing on the needs of African American adolescents, a group at high risk for these eating disorder behaviors [58–61].”
BackgroundPrevalence of binge-eating disorder in obese children and adolescents seeking weight-loss treatment
Decaluwé, V, & Braet, C. (2003) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802233 · Cited by 190 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Given the significant number of overweight adolescent girls with LOC eating [6, 7], the current study has the potential to impact a substantial proportion of youth at risk for chronic mental health issues.”
BackgroundStice, E., Trost, A., & Chase, A. (2003) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.10109 · Cited by 186 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This specific type of control group was selected based on empirical data which show that, although weight management interventions do not specifically address LOC eating, participants in these types of interventions tend to manifest reductions in bulimic symptoms [101, 102].”
BackgroundStice, E., Rohde, P., Seeley, J. R., & Gau, J. M. (2008) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0012645 · Cited by 182 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This specific type of control group was selected based on empirical data which show that, although weight management interventions do not specifically address LOC eating, participants in these types of interventions tend to manifest reductions in bulimic symptoms [101, 102].”
BackgroundMadell, D. E., & Muncer, S. J. (2007) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2006.9980 · Cited by 181 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Studies suggest that youth prefer texting over other forms of communication because they feel they have more control over conversations and can take time before responding [48].”
BackgroundPsychotherapy for bulimia nervosa and binging
Hay, P. P., Bacaltchuk, J., & Stefano, S. (2004) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000562.pub2 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
The Treatment for Adolescents With Depression Study (TADS)
MARCH, J., SILVA, S., & VITIELLO, B. (2006) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000237709.35637.c0 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Mobile phone text messaging in the management of diabetes
Ferrer-Roca, O., Cárdenas, A., Diaz-Cardama, A., & Pulido, P. (2004) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1258/1357633042026341 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Prevalence of eating disorders among Blacks in the National Survey of American Life
Taylor, J. Y., Caldwell, C. H., Baser, R. E., Faison, N., & Jackson, J. S. (2007) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20451 · Cited by 171 · cited 1× · see citing works
“LIBER8 will address a critical gap in the literature on the treatment of LOC eating by focusing on the needs of African American adolescents, a group at high risk for these eating disorder behaviors [58–61].”
BackgroundHayward, C., Gotlib, I. H., Schraedley, P. K., & Litt, I. F. (1999) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/s1054-139x(99)00048-8 · Cited by 171 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This version of the CDI was validated with 10-18-year-olds, has been used with African American adolescents, and its reliability and validity are well-established [81, 82].”
MethodAssociation of body mass with dietary restraint and disinhibition
WILLIAMSON, D. A., LAWSON, O. J., BROOKS, E. R., WOZNIAK, P. J., RYAN, D. H., BRAY, G. A., & DUCHMANN, E. G. (1995) · Appetite · doi:10.1006/appe.1995.0039 · Cited by 168 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This measure has also yielded reliable and stable scores in previous studies [23, 76].”
ResultLoss of control eating disorder in children age 12 years and younger: Proposed research criteria
Tanofsky-Kraff, M., Marcus, M. D., Yanovski, S. Z., & Yanovski, J. A. (2008) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2008.03.002 · Cited by 159 · cited 3× · see citing works
“The LOC-ED assesses binge and LOC eating frequency and related characteristics [22].”
BackgroundSelf-citationBinge eating and psychopathology in severely obese adolescents
Isnard, P., Michel, G., Frelut, M., Vila, G., Falissard, B., Naja, W., Navarro, J., & Mouren‐Simeoni, M. (2003) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.10178 · Cited by 158 · cited 7× · see citing works
“Nearly a third of adolescents seeking obesity treatment report binge eating behavior [4-7].”
BackgroundInfluentialThe perceived onset of dieting and loss of control eating behaviors in overweight children
Tanofsky-Kraff, M., Faden, D., Yanovski, S. Z., Wilfley, D. E., & Yanovski, J. A. (2005) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20158 · Cited by 156 · cited 3× · see citing works
“LOC eating is prevalent, especially among overweight adolescents, and is associated with psychopathology in this age group [4, 24, 25].”
BackgroundSelf-citationPrimary Prevention of Disordered Eating Among Preadolescent Girls
Neumark‐Sztainer, D., Sherwood, N. E., Coller, T., & Hannan, P. J. (2000) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(00)00410-7 · Cited by 154 · cited 2× · see citing works
“It is important to incorporate participatory experiences such as these into the intervention to enhance overall efficacy via guided skills practice in the natural environment [99, 100].”
BackgroundTanofsky-Kraff, M., Ranzenhofer, L. M., Yanovski, S. Z., Schvey, N. A., Faith, M., Gustafson, J., & Yanovski, J. A. (2008) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2008.01.001 · Cited by 151 · cited 2× · see citing works
“This measure yields internally consistent scores [93].”
BackgroundSelf-citationDevelopment of web-based diabetic patient management system using short message service [SMS]
Kwon, H.-S., Cho, J.-H., Kim, H.-S., Lee, J.-H., Song, B.-R., Oh, J.-A., Han, J.-H., Kim, H.-S., Cha, B.-Y., Lee, K.-W., et al. (2004) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2003.10.028 · Cited by 147 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Previous studies have applied texting to health care interventions [43-47].”
BackgroundLoss of control over eating in obese youngsters
Goossens, L., Braet, C., & Decaluwé, V. (2007) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.01.006 · Cited by 143 · cited 3× · see citing works
“[24], children might not have access to large amounts of food.”
Background(2001) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/108107301752384442 · Cited by 131 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Given adolescents’ comfort with technology, the frequency of cell phone use, the promising results of text-messaging pilot studies [44, 55], the behavioral principles supported by immediate feedback [56, 57], and problems with adherence to traditional monitoring, we are studying text-messaging as a promising and innov…”
BackgroundEddy, K. T., Tanofsky‐Kraff, M., Thompson‐Brenner, H., Herzog, D. B., Brown, T. A., & Ludwig, D. S. (2007) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.03.017 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
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Binford, R. B., Le Grange, D., & Jellar, C. C. (2005) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20062 · Cited by 127 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The EDE has been found to yield more valid results regarding binge eating behaviors than the EDE-Q, a self-report questionnaire, in studies of adolescents [74, 75].”
BackgroundPsychological Treatment of Eating Disorders
Wilson, G. T. (2005) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.144250 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Resilience in African American Children and Adolescents: A Vision for Optimal Development
(2008) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e582242010-001 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
The clinical significance of loss of control over eating in overweight adolescents
Goldschmidt, A. B., Jones, M., Manwaring, J. L., Luce, K. H., Osborne, M. I., Cunning, D., Taylor, K. L., Doyle, A. C., Wilfley, D. E., & Taylor, C. B. (2008) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20481 · Cited by 93 · cited 1× · see citing works
“LOC eating, regardless of the amount of food consumed, is associated with adverse psychological and physical correlates and outcomes [4, 24-26].”
BackgroundValues and beliefs about obesity and weight reduction among African American and Caucasian women
Blixen, C. E., Singh, A., & Thacker, H. (2006) · Journal of Transcultural Nursing · doi:10.1177/1043659606288375 · Cited by 91 · cited 5× · see citing works
“James DC. Factors influencing food choices, dietary intake, and nutrition-related attitudes among African Americans: application of a culturally sensitive model.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialProblem of nonadherence in chronically ill adolescents: strategies for assessment and intervention
Smith, B. A., & Shuchman, M. (2005) · Current Opinion in Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/01.mop.0000176443.26872.6e · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Mussell (2000) · doi:10.1177/0011000000286002 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Binge‐eating Disorder in Obese Adolescent Girls<sup>a</sup>
BERKOWITZ, R., STUNKARD, A. J., & STALLINGS, V. A. (1993) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb18850.x · Cited by 87 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Binge eating in youth is associated with numerous psychosocial problems, including depression, anxiety, and body dissatisfaction [4, 5, 7, 8].”
BackgroundInfluentialJackson-Gilfort, A., Liddle, H. A., Tejeda, M. J., & Dakof, G. A. (2001) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798401027003005 · Cited by 87 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Studies in other areas of adolescent mental health including substance abuse [64, 65], have found that culturally relevant interventions yield positive outcomes with African American adolescent girls.”
BackgroundBielli, E., Carminati, F., La Capra, S., Lina, M., Brunelli, C., & Tamburini, M. (2004) · BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making · doi:10.1186/1472-6947-4-7 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Abbott, D. W., de ZWAAN, M., Mussell, M. P., Raymond, N. C., Seim, H. C., Crow, S. J., Crosby, R. D., & Mitchell, J. E. (1998) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(97)00261-4 · Cited by 77 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Many adults with BED report that their symptoms began in childhood [3].”
BackgroundGoldfein, J. A., Devlin, M. J., & Kamenetz, C. (2005) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20075 · Cited by 75 · cited 1× · see citing works
“To enhance the validity of this measure, a one-page handout will provide participants with definitions and examples of the different types of eating episodes, as is recommended [79].”
BackgroundComputer-mediated focus groups
Walston, J. T., & Lissitz, R. W. (2000) · Evaluation Review · doi:10.1177/0193841x0002400502 · Cited by 75 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Other studies have found that participants prefer to share personal and sensitive information virtually as they are less concerned with the moderator’s opinion of them [49, 50].”
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Adjusting cognitive behavior therapy for adolescents with bulimia nervosa: results of case series
Lock, J. (2005) · American Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2005.59.3.267 · Cited by 64 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This developmental period is a pivotal time for the expansion of individuals’ coping repertoire, as emerging cognitive skills can facilitate adolescents’ ability to use a wider range of coping strategies [39].”
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Belgrave, F. Z. (2009) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0090-6 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationAssessing dietary intake in the management of obesity
O'Neil, P. M. (2001) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1002/oby.2001.9.s5.361 · Cited by 48 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Despite the efficacy of self-monitoring, adherence is often poor for both children and adults [51-54].”
BackgroundTrait impulsiveness and executive function in healthy young adults
Pietrzak, R. H., Sprague, A., & Snyder, P. J. (2008) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.03.004 · Cited by 45 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Impulsivity will be assessed using the BIS-11 [92].”
MethodSmith, B. A., & Wood, B. L. (2007) · Current Opinion in Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/mop.0b013e3282ef480a · Cited by 40 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The problem of treatment nonadherence among adolescents with chronic health conditions is well-known, and is associated with significant morbidity [40, 41].”
BackgroundBelgrave, F. Z., Reed, M. C., Plybon, L. E., & Corneille, M. (2004) · Journal of Drug Education · doi:10.2190/h40y-d098-gcfa-el74 · Cited by 36 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Studies in other areas of adolescent mental health including substance abuse [64, 65], have found that culturally relevant interventions yield positive outcomes with African American adolescent girls.”
BackgroundSelf-citationAssociated factors for self-reported binge eating among male and female adolescents
Ledoux, S., Choquet, M., & Manfredi, R. (1993) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1006/jado.1993.1006 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
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Manualizing manual development.
Westen, D. (2002) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.9.4.416 · Cited by 20 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This combination of information from adolescents, clinicians, and experts in developing eating disorder interventions combines three powerful vantage points to develop an optimal intervention [30, 31].”
BackgroundAddressing Disparities in the Obesity Epidemic
Ammerman, A., Leung, M. M., & Cavallo, D. (2006) · North Carolina Medical Journal · doi:10.18043/ncm.67.4.301 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Role of behavioral therapy in the management of obesity
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“Despite the efficacy of self-monitoring, adherence is often poor for both children and adults [51-54].”
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Assessment of eating disorders: interview or self-report questionnaire
Fairburn, C. G., & Beglin, S. J. (1994) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/1098-108x(199412)16:4
Ross (1999) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-108x(199911)26:3
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Stewart (2001) · doi:10.1002/1098-108x(200103)29:2
Telch (1994) · doi:10.1002/1098-108x(199401)15:1
Factor structure of the Barratt impulsiveness scale
Patton, J. H., Stanford, M. S., & Barratt, E. S. (1995) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/1097-4679(199511)51:6
French (1997) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-108x(199711)22:3
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Luce (1999) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-108x(199904)25:3
Wiser (1999) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4679(199906)55:6
Flagged first, then by citations
9 of the 128 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Johnson, 1999, Measuring binge eating in adolescents: adolescent and parent versions of the questionnaire of eating and weight patterns, Int J Eat Disord, 26, 301, 10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199911)26:3<301::AID-EAT8>3.0.CO;2-M · DOI
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
A developmental framework of binge-eating disorder based on pediatric loss of control eating.
Tanofsky‐Kraff, M., Schvey, N. A., & Grilo, C. M. (2020) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000592 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
“A few studies have piloted or tested this notion utilizing modified or less intensive treatments, with mixed outcomes (Hilbert, 2013; Jones et al., 2008; Mazzeo et al., 2013; Tanofsky-Kraff et al., 2017; Tanofsky-Kraff et al., 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citationA systematic review of mHealth interventions for the support of eating disorders
Anastasiadou, D. T., Folkvord, F., & Lupiáñez‐Villanueva, F. (2018) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2609 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Loss-of-Control Eating and Obesity Among Children and Adolescents
Byrne, M. E., LeMay‐Russell, S., & Tanofsky‐Kraff, M. (2019) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-019-0327-1 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationGoldschmidt, A. B., O’Brien, S., Lavender, J. M., Pearson, C. M., Grange, D. L., & Hunter, S. J. (2017) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2017.03.010 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“Thus far, interventions for LOC eating in youth have exclusively focused on adolescents, and have primarily targeted dietary restraint and/or negative affect as antecedents to LOC eating (Jones et al., 2008; Mazzeo et al., 2013; Tanofsky-Kraff et al., 2014).”
Pediatric Feeding and Eating Disorders: Current State of Diagnosis and Treatment
Kelly, N. R., Shank, L. M., Bakalar, J. L., & Tanofsky‐Kraff, M. (2014) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-014-0446-z · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationMazzeo, S., Lydecker, J. A., Harney, M. B., Palmberg, A. A., Kelly, N., Gow, R. W., Bean, M., Thornton, L., Tanofsky-Kraff, M., Bulik, C., et al. (2016) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2016.06.014 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationDevelopment and initial validation evidence for a mindful eating questionnaire for children
Hart, S. R., Pierson, S., Goto, K., & Giampaoli, J. (2018) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2018.07.010 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Shin, H., Black, D. S., Tate, E. B., Riggs, N. R., & Pentz, M. A. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0579-8 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Demographics of the analytic sample were similar to surrounding school populations (Ed-Data, accessed July 8, 2014), and the ethnic diversity reflects a growing number of interventions being conducted on diverse adolescent populations (Mazzeo et al. 2013; Semple et al. 2010).”
ResultWhite, E. K., Mooney, J. T., & Warren, C. S. (2019) · Eating Disorders · doi:10.1080/10640266.2019.1585717 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“, 2012), and treatment of loss of control eating in African American women (Mazzeo et al., 2013).”
BackgroundThird-wave interventions for eating disorders in adolescence – systematic review with meta-analysis
Buerger, A., Vloet, T. D., Haber, L., & Geissler, J. M. (2021) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-021-00158-6 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Studies with DBT elements One of the RCTs used DBT elements [55].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCox, J. S., Elsworth, R. L., Perry, R. E., Hamilton-Shield, J. P., Kinnear, F. J., & Hinton, E. C. (2021) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2021.105780 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“The Liber8 programme is described across 11 a protocol (Mazzeo et al., 2013) and a results paper (Mazzeo et al.”
MethodMoskowitz, R., Schechter, A., & Sala, M. (2022) · Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy · doi:10.1007/s10879-022-09556-5 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Mazzeo et al., 2013, 2016 45 LOC eating or BED RCT Tx: 8–12 weeks CBT: Cognitive restructuring, self-monitoring, relapse prevention DBT: Emotion awareness, emotion regulation, interpersonal skills training, mindful eating 2Bfit- behaviorally based weight management intervention Feasibility: 64.9%…”
BackgroundInfluentialBrothwood, P. L., & Baudinet, J. (2025) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-025-01206-0 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…intervention based on CBT principles with integrated DBT skills training and ‘2BFit’ is a behaviourally based weight management group where participants are set individualized diet and exercise goals with sessions to check adherence to goals and discuss potential barriers to achieving these [47].”
Binge and Loss of Control Eating During Adolescence
Cassidy, O. L., Shank, L. M., Matherne, C. E., Ranzenhofer, L. M., & Tanofsky‐Kraff, M. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-32132-5_382-2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationEvidence-Based Psychotherapy for Eating Disorders
Watson, H. J., & Bulik, C. M. (2014) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.120403 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationAtypical early-onset eating disorders
Nicholls, D., Barrett, E., & Huline‐Dickens, S. (2014) · Advances in Psychiatric Treatment · doi:10.1192/apt.bp.113.011569
Evidence-Based for Eating Disorders
Bulik, M. (2014)
Binge and Loss of Control Eating During Adolescence
Cassidy, O. L., Shank, L. M., Matherne, C. E., Ranzenhofer, L. M., & Tanofsky‐Kraff, M. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-33228-4_382
Self-citationHadley, W. S., Barker, D., Houck, C. D., Foster, A., Reynolds, K., Darling, K. E., Warnick, J. L., & Jelalian, E. (2026) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2026.101671
“…mindfulness, and emotion regulation, were integrated with cognitive behavioral therapy in a small randomized controlled trial focused on adolescent girls with loss of control eating resulting in reductions eating disorder cognitions, but no improvements in BMI reduction relative to IHBLT [37,38].”
- Authors
- Mazzeo, S. E., Kelly, N. R., Stern, M., Palmberg, A. A., Belgrave, F. Z., Tanofsky-Kraff, M., Latzer, Y., & Bulik, C. M.
- Affiliations
- Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
- University of Haifa (IL)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mazzeo, Suzanne E.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Contemporary Clinical Trials
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-01
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 174-185
- ISSN
- 1551-7144 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4025958
- OpenAlex
- W1989961765
- Cited by
- 22
- References
- 128
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 3 · 2014: 4
- FWCI
- 1.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Contemporary Clinical Trials (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (R34MH086922)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Keywords
- loss of control eating, adolescent girls, culturally sensitive care, dialectical behavior therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, eating disorder cognitions, emotional eating, impulsivity, anxiety and depression, body dissatisfaction, weight management, African American adolescents, intervention feasibility and acceptability
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Feeding and Eating Disorders, Black or African American, Body Weight, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Pilot Projects, Self Concept, Weight Loss, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, White People
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