The RNA polymerase II core promoter — the gateway to transcription
Open accessAbstract
The RNA polymerase II core promoter is generally defined to be the sequence that directs the initiation of transcription. This simple definition belies a diverse and complex transcriptional module. There are two major types of core promoters - focused and dispersed. Focused promoters contain either a single transcription start site or a distinct cluster of start sites over several nucleotides, whereas dispersed promoters contain several start sites over 50-100 nucleotides and are typically found in CpG islands in vertebrates. Focused promoters are more ancient and widespread throughout nature than dispersed promoters; however, in vertebrates, dispersed promoters are more common than focused promoters. In addition, core promoters may contain many different sequence motifs, such as the TATA box, BRE, Inr, MTE, DPE, DCE, and XCPE1, that specify different mechanisms of transcription and responses to enhancers. Thus, the core promoter is a sophisticated gateway to transcription that determines which signals will lead to transcription initiation.
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CGIs are generally associated with multiple transcription start sites dispersed over a 50-100 bp region.
“In addition, CGIs are often origins of replication31–33 and are generally associated with multiple TSSs dispersed over a 50–100 bp region.34,35”
From Adeno-Associated Virus Serotype-Specific Inverted Terminal Repeat Sequence Role in Vector Transgene Expression (2020) · cites this paper as [35]
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- Authors
- Juven-Gershon, T., Hsu, J.-Y., Theisen, J. W., & Kadonaga, J. T.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kadonaga, James T
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Cell Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-06
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 253-259
- ISSN
- 0955-0674 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2586601
- OpenAlex
- W2067116931
- Cited by
- 367
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 33
- FWCI
- 2.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Cell Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM041249, GM041249)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Chromatin Remodeling and Cancer
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nuclear Structure and Function
- Keywords
- RNA polymerase II, core promoter, transcription initiation, CpG islands, TATA box, BRe, international normalized ratio, DPE, DCE, sequence motifs
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Base Sequence, Humans, Promoter Regions, Genetic, DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases, RNA, Messenger, Transcription, Genetic, Transcriptional Activation, TATA Box, Evolution, Molecular, Transcription Initiation Site
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