The DOI matches its Crossref record; 74 of the 76 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Experience-Dependent Transfer of Otx2 Homeoprotein into the Visual Cortex Activates Postnatal Plasticity
Open accessAbstract
Neural circuits are shaped by experience in early postnatal life. Distinct GABAergic connections within visual cortex determine the timing of the critical period for rewiring ocular dominance to establish visual acuity. We find that maturation of the parvalbumin (PV)-cell network that controls plasticity onset is regulated by a selective re-expression of the embryonic Otx2 homeoprotein. Visual experience promoted the accumulation of non-cell-autonomous Otx2 in PV-cells, and cortical infusion of exogenous Otx2 accelerated both PV-cell development and critical period timing. Conversely, conditional removal of Otx2 from non-PV cells or from the visual pathway abolished plasticity. Thus, the experience-dependent transfer of a homeoprotein may establish the physiological milieu for postnatal plasticity of a neural circuit.
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In the citing paper
“On the other hand, an experience-dependent accumulation of exogenous OTX2, a homeoprotein commonly bound to PNNs and PV1 cells in the mPFC (Lee et al., 2017), is necessary for the formation of PNNs and critical period closure in the visual cortex (Sugiyama et al., 2008).”
From Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and γ Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex (2020) · cites this paper as Sugiyama et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“For example, reductions of inhibitory neural activity in adulthood have increased visual plasticity in rodents (He et al., 2007, Sugiyama et al., 2008, Harauzov et al., 2010) and even restored visual function in amblyopic adult rats (Vetencourt et al., 2008).”
From The impact of developmental timing for stress and recovery (2015) · cites this paper as Sugiyama et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“Accordingly, disruption of E-I balance powerfully shifts the timing and quality of critical period development, as seen in the primary visual cortex (V1) (27–29).”
From Prolonged Period of Cortical Plasticity upon Redox Dysregulation in Fast-Spiking Interneurons (2015) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“Second, PNN disruption prevents the persistent uptake of Otx2 homeoprotein into the enwrapped PV-cells required for their maintenance (27, 40, 41) (Fig. S3).”
From Prolonged Period of Cortical Plasticity upon Redox Dysregulation in Fast-Spiking Interneurons (2015) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“Compromised PNNs prevent the persistent uptake of Otx2 homeoprotein into the enwrapped PV-cells needed for their maturation (including PNN maintenance itself) (27, 40, 41).”
From Prolonged Period of Cortical Plasticity upon Redox Dysregulation in Fast-Spiking Interneurons (2015) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“Blocking Otx2 transport in the retina (between bipolar cells and retinal ganglion cells) or in the cortex (by directly infusing anti-Otx2 antibodies) retards the activity-dependent opening of CP in the visual cortex (Sugiyama et al., 2008).”
From Choroid-Plexus-Derived Otx2 Homeoprotein Constrains Adult Cortical Plasticity (2013) · cites this paper as Sugiyama et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“In support of the hypothesis is that direct infusion of Otx2 before CP opening opens CP ahead of time and also closes it ahead of time (Sugiyama et al., 2008).”
From Choroid-Plexus-Derived Otx2 Homeoprotein Constrains Adult Cortical Plasticity (2013) · cites this paper as Sugiyama et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“Moreover, the opening of plasticity (first threshold) does not take place in dark-reared animals, where the Otx2 and PV levels remain low in PV-cells.”
From Choroid-Plexus-Derived Otx2 Homeoprotein Constrains Adult Cortical Plasticity (2013) · cites this paper as Sugiyama et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“Accordingly, we showed that Otx2 injected in the eye can travel along this pathway and terminates in PV-cells (Sugiyama et al., 2008; Sugiyama et al., 2009).”
From Choroid-Plexus-Derived Otx2 Homeoprotein Constrains Adult Cortical Plasticity (2013) · cites this paper as Sugiyama et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“Subsequent Otx2 internalization increases intracellular Otx2 and PV-cell maturation reflected by further PV expression and PNN assembly (Sugiyama et al., 2008) until a second threshold is reached that closes plasticity.”
From Choroid-Plexus-Derived Otx2 Homeoprotein Constrains Adult Cortical Plasticity (2013) · cites this paper as Sugiyama et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“Instead, PV-cell maturation in dark-reared animals is rescued by direct Otx2 infusion leading to its specific accumulation in PV-cells and CP opening (Sugiyama et al., 2008).”
From Choroid-Plexus-Derived Otx2 Homeoprotein Constrains Adult Cortical Plasticity (2013) · cites this paper as Sugiyama et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“Otx2 expression coincides with both PV and PNN expression in the cortex during critical period plasticity (Sugiyama et al., 2008).”
From The Perineuronal ‘Safety’ Net? Perineuronal Net Abnormalities in Neurological Disorders (2018) · cites this paper as Sugiyama et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“PNNs also regulate PV cell maturation via internalization of homeoprotein Otx2, which is needed for transcription, normal PV development and critical period plasticity in developing visual cortex (Sugiyama et al. 2008).”
From Genetic Reduction of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Promotes Formation of Perineuronal Nets Around Parvalbumin-Expressing Interneurons and Normalizes Auditory Cortex Responses in Developing Fmr1 Knock-Out Mice (2018) · cites this paper as Sugiyama et al. 2008
In the citing paper
“this homeoprotein signals the maturation of the parvalbumin-containing GABAergic interneurons, which contributes to the opening and possibly also the closure of the critical period”
From Perineuronal nets and schizophrenia: The importance of neuronal coatings (2014) · cites this paper as Sugiyama et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“PNNs also facilitate the capture and uptake of the transcription factor Otx2, which in turn promotes PVBC maturation as well as further PNN development (100, 173, 912, 1063).”
From Hippocampal GABAergic Inhibitory Interneurons (2017) · cites this paper as [1063]
In the citing paper
“PNNs also facilitate the capture and uptake of the transcription factor Otx2, which in turn promotes PVBC maturation as well as further PNN development (100, 173, 912, 1063).”
From Hippocampal GABAergic Inhibitory Interneurons (2017) · cites this paper as [1063]
In the citing paper
“The maturation of cortical inhibitory networks in the postnatal brain is important for initiating this critical period (Fagiolini and Hensch, 2000; Sugiyama et al., 2008).”
From Clock Genes Control Cortical Critical Period Timing (2015) · cites this paper as Sugiyama et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“Acceleration of PV-cell maturation by over-expressing non-cell-autonomous factors, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) or orthodenticle homeobox 2 (Otx2), induces precocious plasticity (Huang et al., 1999; Sugiyama et al., 2008).”
From Clock Genes Control Cortical Critical Period Timing (2015) · cites this paper as Sugiyama et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“PNNs have been linked to the transcription factor orthodenticle homeobox protein 2 (OTX2) (35)”
From Perineuronal nets, inhibitory interneurons and anxiety-related ventral hippocampal neuronal oscillations are altered by early life adversity (2019) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“Additionally, OTX2 has been shown to specifically accumulate in PV+ cells through exogenous transfer from the choroid plexus, the region where it is produced (35; 46).”
From Perineuronal nets, inhibitory interneurons and anxiety-related ventral hippocampal neuronal oscillations are altered by early life adversity (2019) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“Orthodenticle homeobox protein 2 (OTX2) is a transcription factor known to be important in the regulation of the critical period of plasticity in the visual cortex of developing mice (46) and its expression coincides with the maturation of PV+ cells and the closure of the critical period (35).”
From Perineuronal nets, inhibitory interneurons and anxiety-related ventral hippocampal neuronal oscillations are altered by early life adversity (2019) · cites this paper as [35]
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“When injected into the eye Otx2 is transported to the visual cortex where it enters PV-expressing GABAergic INs (PVs), which it activates (Sugiyama et al., 2008; Beurdeley et al., 2012; Carlier et al., 2013; Spatazza et al., 2013a,b).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialXu, J.-S., Hörner, M., Nagel, M., Perhat, P., Korneck, M., Noß, M., Hauser, S., Schöls, L., Admard, J., Casadei, N., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.03.26.586780 · Cited by 1
“…they can influence gene transcription and be involved in plasticity, axon pathfinding and neuroprotection (Sgado et al. , 2006; Cox et al. , 2008; Sugiyama et al. , 2008; Wizenmann et al. , 2009; Torero Ibad et al. , 2011; Ben-Yaakov et al. , 2012; Ji & Jaffrey, 2012; Kadkhodaei et al. , 2013).”
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“PV neurons are known to regulate the onset of critical periods and plasticity of the visual cortex (Hensch 2005; Sugiyama et al. 2008).”
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“expected to be lost by postnatal days 13 (P13) until very recently, when Hensch and collaborators found non-cell-autonomous Otx2 coordinates the maturation of PV-expressing interneurons even after the third postnatal week and that visual experience promotes the accumulation of Otx2 in PV-cells ( Sugiyama et al. 2008 ).”
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“The transcription factor Otx2, secreted by the choroid plexus and internalized by the PV+ interneurons, has been shown to control the timing of PNN formation and the onset of plasticity (Beurdeley et al. 2012; Sakai and Sugiyama 2018; Sugiyama et al. 2008).”
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“Furthermore, delivering the protein into one hemisphere of the visual cortex in animals raised in darkness significantly increases the number of PV-expressing neurons and perineuronal nets in comparison to the non-treated hemisphere (Sugiyama et al. 2008).”
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PERINEURONAL NETS IN HIPPOCAMPAL AREA CA2: REGULATION BY ACTIVITY AND DISEASE
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BackgroundOf travelling homeoproteins and medulloblastomas
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“…representations of the known non-cell autonomous roles of OTX2, including in vitro [10] and in vivo [11, 12] experiment, as well as transcriptional [11] and non-transcriptional [12] post-transfer targets. and in postmitotic, migrating granule cells, while its expression is lost as post migratory…”
InfluentialMicroglia: Key Players in Perineuronal Net Dynamics
Garmendia-Berges, M., & Puerta, E. (2025) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1012413 · Cited by 1
Sánchez-Moreno, B., Mesa-Lombardo, A., de la Fuente‐Fernández, M., Fraga-Sanchez, A. I., Calzado-González, Á., García-Ortiz, I., Martínez-Jiménez, M., García‐Piqueras, J., Vega‐Avelaira, D., Claudio Toma, A., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2025.12.04.692295
Experience-dependent plasticity of layer 2/3 circuits in developing somatosensory neocortex
Wen, J. A. (2018) · KiltHub Repository · doi:10.1184/r1/6716537
Functional Organization and Plasticity of Visual Cortex over the Lifespan of the Ferret
Whitney, D. E. (2013) · KiltHub Repository · doi:10.1184/r1/6717416
Visual experience drives functional reorganization of cortical GABAergic circuitsPreprint
Sun, S., Yue, Y., Li, Z., Perrenoud, Q., & Cardin, J. A. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.02.12.705412
Quiñinao, C. (2015) · doi:10.70675/bfb0756bza6e2z4fd9zb5bfze7453a4e0f71
“An important novelty of this study is to introduce in the calculations the intercellular transfer of HPs allowed by two short peptidic sequences present in their DNA-binding domain [138, 80, 143, 163, 139, 92, 114, 168].”
Synaptic changes upon removal of extracellular perineuronal nets in adult mouse visual cortex
Faini, G. (2017) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/7b38d504z7edfz47dezbf9az0a8668ae448a
“In mice, cortical infusion of recombinant Otx2 protein before CP onset accelerates CP timing, while the extracellular blocking of Otx2 protein delays CP onset (Sugiyama et al., 2008).”
BackgroundDevienne, G. F. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/453418efzc908z49e0zba6fz71fefaa50691
“Indeed, Otx2 accumulation in PV interneurons is activity-dependent, Otx2 induces changes in the transcriptional program of these neurons, and the block of Otx2 import induces PNN regression in the adult (Sugiyama et al. 2008, Beurdeley et al. 2012, Apulei et al. 2018).”
InfluentialFelgerolle, C. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/fbd5cf69zed5az4a57zbfdez48e26a937a72
Etude du rôle du Syndécan à la jonction neuromusculaire de Caenorhabditis elegans
Vachon, C. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/4f34af1dzeed7z426dzbab2zb1e21a201491
Douceau, S. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/6f1007f2z8468z4365zb07dz7d863bf32cd5
Regulation of homeoproteins intercellular transfer
Amblard, I. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/bbf68b66zb816z4669z84f4zec67820f5b54
Altérations de la connectivité corticale au cours de périodes critiques du développement
Druart, M. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/b4f48d73za850z42b2z8dadzfad47d4f0a69
Rôle des astrocytes dans la période critique de la plasticité visuelle
Breton, R. (2023) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/9140a00az6c88z4fb6zaabfz9eb16e7593ca
Rodrigues, K. S., Yamashita, R., & Katada, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Neural Circuits · doi:10.3389/fncir.2026.1818927
“Notably, PV interneurons do not express Otx2 themselves (Sugiyama et al., 2008).”
Panday, M., Monteiro, L., Daudi, A., & Murphy, K. M. (2026) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2026.1848222
Cramer, T. L. M., Hannan, S. B., Petre, L., Bear, M. F., Hensch, T. K., & Tyagarajan, S. K. (2026) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-026-03672-7
Self-citationThe Critical Period Microbiota Shape Brain PlasticityPreprint
Damiani, F., Ashtiani, K. C., Tognozzi, A., Abdelkarim, S., Cornuti, S., Caldarelli, M., Baldi, P., & Tognini, P. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.64898/2026.06.08.730811
Smith, J. J., Taylor, S. R., Destain, H., Kim, G., Hall, D. H., White, J. G., Miller, D. M., & Kratsios, P. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-76320-x
Barr, C. L., Wigg, K. G., Feng, Y., Blokland, K., Wilkinson, M., Kerr, E. N., Guger, S., Lovett, M. W., Strug, L. J., Oefner, R., et al. (2026) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.70071
“At the molecular level, the expression of OTX2 is responsible for the maturation of parvalbumin-positive inhibitory neurons that control plasticity onset [93].”
Interneurons and network activity in the cerebral cortex: a developmental dialogue
Moissidis, M., & Marín, Ó. (2026) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-026-01088-4
Metadata
- Authors
- Sugiyama, S., Di Nardo, A. A., Aizawa, S., Matsuo, I., Volovitch, M., Prochiantz, A., & Hensch, T. K.
- Affiliations
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- RIKEN (JP)
- Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital (JP)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Prochiantz, Alain
- Hensch, Takao K.
- Venue
- Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-08
- Volume
- 134
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 508-520
- ISSN
- 0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2150947848
- Cited by
- 491
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 8.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 1847 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- Otx2, homeoproteins, parvalbumin interneurons, visual cortex, critical period, ocular dominance, visual experience, GABAergic circuits, neural circuit development
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Interneurons, Neuronal Plasticity, Parvalbumins, Recombinant Proteins, Sensory Deprivation, Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways, Mice, Otx Transcription Factors
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