Hand Knob Area of Premotor Cortex Represents the Whole Body in a Compositional Way
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Abstract
Decades after the motor homunculus was first proposed, it is still unknown how different body parts are intermixed and interrelated in human motor cortical areas at single-neuron resolution. Using multi-unit recordings, we studied how face, head, arm, and leg movements are represented in the hand knob area of premotor cortex (precentral gyrus) in people with tetraplegia. Contrary to traditional expectations, we found strong representation of all movements and a partially "compositional" neural code that linked together all four limbs. The code consisted of (1) a limb-coding component representing the limb to be moved and (2) a movement-coding component where analogous movements from each limb (e.g., hand grasp and toe curl) were represented similarly. Compositional coding might facilitate skill transfer across limbs, and it provides a useful framework for thinking about how the motor system constructs movement. Finally, we leveraged these results to create a whole-body intracortical brain-computer interface that spreads targets across all limbs.
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At the neuronal level, locations on the anterior precentral gyrus in orofacial or hand areas contain single neurons tuned to movements of the whole body, including key speech articulators.
“Interestingly, at the neuronal level, locations on the anterior precentral gyrus in orofacial or hand areas contain single neurons tuned to movements of the whole body, including key speech articulators15,51,52.”
From The speech neuroprosthesis (2024) · cites this paper as [51]
A Gaussian Naive Bayes classifier was chosen because it is a simple method that effectively demonstrated strong neural tuning.
“We chose a Gaussian Naive Bayes classifier because it is a simple method that effectively demonstrated strong neural tuning”
From Inner speech in motor cortex and implications for speech neuroprostheses (2025) · cites this paper as [83]
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- Authors
- Willett, F. R., Deo, D. R., Avansino, D. T., Rezaii, P., Hochberg, L. R., Henderson, J. M., & Shenoy, K. V.
- Affiliations
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Willett, Francis R.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-04
- Volume
- 181
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 396-409.e26
- ISSN
- 0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7166199
- OpenAlex
- W3014049597
- Cited by
- 171
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 11.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell (publishedVersion)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (R01DC009899)
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (N2864C, A2295R, B6453R)
- Office of Naval Research (W911NF-14-2-0013)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (U01NS098968)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- Office of Research and Development
- Simons Foundation (543045)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces
- Keywords
- premotor cortex, motor homunculus, multi-unit recording, tetraplegia, motion representation, intracortical brain-computer interfaces, whole-body control, precentral gyrus
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain Mapping, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Motor Cortex, Movement, Human Body
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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