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Cited by 817Bacteriophages and microbial interactionsVirus-based gene therapy researchPlant and Fungal Interactions Research

Phage therapy: From biological mechanisms to future directions

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Strathdee, Steffanie A., Hatfull, Graham F., Mutalik, Vivek K., Schooley, Robert T.·2023·Cell
DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2022.11.017PMC PMC9827498
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Abstract

Increasing antimicrobial resistance rates have revitalized bacteriophage (phage) research, the natural predators of bacteria discovered over 100 years ago. In order to use phages therapeutically, they should (1) preferably be lytic, (2) kill the bacterial host efficiently, and (3) be fully characterized to exclude side effects. Developing therapeutic phages takes a coordinated effort of multiple stakeholders. Herein, we review the state of the art in phage therapy, covering biological mechanisms, clinical applications, remaining challenges, and future directions involving naturally occurring and genetically modified or synthetic phages.

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  • Phages can eliminate cancer-associated bacteria.

    “Phages can eliminate cancer-associated bacteria, remodel the tumor microenvironment, enhance antitumor immunity, and deliver targeted therapeutic payloads.”

    From Phage therapy in oncology: opportunities for cancer prevention and treatment (2026) · cites this paper as [17]

    In “Other Medical Applications” (page not provided), the paper identifies Helicobacter pylori as a contributor to gastric cancer and reports a prophage active against it. It says this offers hope that phage therapy could target the bacterium’s role in the disease; it does not establish that phages can eliminate cancer-associated bacteria. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Phages enable highly selective removal of cancer-associated bacteria within the gut or tumor niche, avoiding broad collateral damage to commensal communities associated with conventional antibiotics.

    “In parallel, phages enable highly selective removal of cancer-associated bacteria within the gut or tumor niche (Table 1), avoiding the broad collateral damage to commensal communities associated with conventional antibiotics [15,17,20,62,63]”

    From Phage therapy in oncology: opportunities for cancer prevention and treatment (2026) · cites this paper as [17]

    The Phage biology section describes phages’ specific host ranges, and Other Medical Applications discusses selectively targeting gut bacteria and a possible phage target relevant to gastric cancer (page numbers unavailable). But the paper presents the gastric-cancer application as a hope, not established removal of cancer-associated bacteria in the gut or tumor niche. The passages do not establish that such targeting avoids collateral damage to commensal communities compared with conventional antibiotics. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Phages exhibit low inherent toxicity and can be tailored to minimize off-target effects.

    “Phages exhibit low inherent toxicity and can be tailored to minimize off-target effects [15–17,62,99,100]”

    From Phage therapy in oncology: opportunities for cancer prevention and treatment (2026) · cites this paper as [17]

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Strathdee, S. A., Hatfull, G. F., Mutalik, V. K., & Schooley, R. T.
Affiliations
  • University of California San Diego (US)
  • University of Pittsburgh (US)
  • Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (US)
Corresponding author
Strathdee, Steffanie A.
ORCID
Venue
Cell
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2023-01
Volume
186
Issue
1
Pages
17-31
ISSN
0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.cell.2022.11.017
PMC
PMC9827498
OpenAlex
W4313560729
Cited by
817
References
3
Citations by year
2026: 238 · 2025: 290 · 2024: 203 · 2023: 86
FWCI
24.32
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Cell (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • U.S. Department of Energy (-AC02-05CH11231, 05CH11231, DE AC02 05CH11231, DE-AC02-)
  • University of California, San Diego
  • National Institute of General Medical Sciences (DE-AC02-05CH11231, R35GM131729)
  • National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (UM1AI104681)
  • National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R01ES011184)
  • Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (AC02‐05CH11231, DE-AC02-05CH11231, 05CH11231)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Bacteriophages and microbial interactions
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Virus-based gene therapy research
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Plant and Fungal Interactions Research
Keywords
phage therapy, bacteriophages, antimicrobial resistance, lytic phages, phage-host interactions, phage characterization
MeSH terms
Phage Therapy, Bacteria, Bacteriophages

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