Glycolytic Enzymes Coalesce in G Bodies under Hypoxic Stress
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Glycolysis is upregulated under conditions such as hypoxia and high energy demand to promote cell proliferation, although the mechanism remains poorly understood. We find that hypoxia in Saccharomyces cerevisiae induces concentration of glycolytic enzymes, including the Pfk2p subunit of the rate-limiting phosphofructokinase, into a single, non-membrane-bound granule termed the "glycolytic body" or "G body." A yeast kinome screen identifies the yeast ortholog of AMP-activated protein kinase, Snf1p, as necessary for G-body formation. Many G-body components identified by proteomics are required for G-body integrity. Cells incapable of forming G bodies in hypoxia display abnormal cell division and produce inviable daughter cells. Conversely, cells with G bodies show increased glucose consumption and decreased levels of glycolytic intermediates. Importantly, G bodies form in human hepatocarcinoma cells in hypoxia. Together, our results suggest that G body formation is a conserved, adaptive response to increase glycolytic output during hypoxia or tumorigenesis.
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Novel HIF-1-independent mechanisms regulating glycolysis under hypoxia include epigenetic reprogramming, post-translation modifications, spatial reorganization of glycolytic enzymes, and PI3K-Akt-mTOR signalling.
“Insights into novel HIF-1-independent mechanisms regulating glycolysis under hypoxia that emerged in the last decade include epigenetic reprogramming [97], post-translation modifications [98], spatial reorganization of glycolytic enzymes [98,99] and the PI3K-Akt-mTOR signalling pathway [100].”
From HIF-1-Independent Mechanisms Regulating Metabolic Adaptation in Hypoxic Cancer Cells (2021) · cites this paper as [99]
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- Authors
- Jin, M., Fuller, G. G., Han, T., Yao, Y., Alessi, A. F., Freeberg, M. A., Roach, N. P., Moresco, J. J., Karnovsky, A., Baba, M., Yates, J. R., Gitler, A. D., Inoki, K., Klionsky, D. J., & Kim, J. K.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Scripps Research Institute (US)
- Kogakuin University (JP)
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Klionsky, Daniel J.
- Kim, John K.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cell Reports
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-07
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 895-908
- ISSN
- 2211-1247 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5586494
- OpenAlex
- W2738634672
- Cited by
- 208
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 4.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- NIH Common Funds Project (U24 DK097153)
- American Cancer Society (RSG RMC-125264)
- NIH (GM088565, GM118875, GM053396, 8 P41 GM103533)
- National Center for Research Resources (5P41RR011823)
- Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (2450076)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer, Hypoxia, and Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fungal and yeast genetics research
- Keywords
- hypoxia, glycolysis, phosphofructokinase, AMPK, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, protein granules, cell division, glucose utilization, hepatocellular carcinoma, carcinogenesis, energy metabolism
- MeSH terms
- Hypoxia, Chromatography, Liquid, Glucose, Glycolysis, Humans, Microscopy, Fluorescence, Mass Spectrometry, RNA-Binding Proteins, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission, Immunoprecipitation, Hep G2 Cells
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