What robots can teach us about intimacy: The reassuring effects of robot responsiveness to human disclosure
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Interacting with a socially assistive robot could enhance sense of companionship.
“Previous literature suggests interacting with a socially assistive robot could enhance sense of companionship (Birnbaum, Mizrahi, Hoffman, Reis, Finkel, & Sass, 2016;Fasola & Mataric, 2012).”
From Catch Them All: Exploring the Psychological Impact of Playing Pokémon Go (2020) · cites this paper as Birnbaum, Mizrahi, Hoffman, Reis, Finkel, & Sass, 2016
Cites
Attachment and Loss. Vol. 1. Attachment
Rever, G. W. (1972) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-197211000-00011 · Cited by 8,446 · cited 5× · see citing works
“…in a different context, the disclosure of positive events, would produce positive reactions in people interacting with it and improve their self-perception during a subsequent stress-generating task (a manifestation of the secure-base function in attachment theory terms; Bowlby, 1969/1982).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLooije, R., Neerincx, M. A., & Cnossen, F. (2010) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2009.08.007 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
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Ho, A., Hancock, J., & Miner, A. S. (2018) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1093/joc/jqy026 · Cited by 629 · see citing works
“We measured how “friendly” and “warm” the partner was (Birnbaum et al., 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialAttachment and trust in artificial intelligence
Gillath, O., Ai, T., Branicky, M. S., Keshmiri, S., Davison, R. B., & Spaulding, R. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106607 · Cited by 448 · see citing works
A new perspective on the social functions of emotions: Gratitude and the witnessing effect.
Algoe, S. B., Dwyer, P. C., Younge, A., & Oveis, C. (2020) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000202 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Designing Ethical Social Robots—A Longitudinal Field Study With Older Adults
van Maris, A., Zook, N., Caleb-Solly, P., Studley, M., Winfield, A., & Dogramadzi, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Robotics and AI · doi:10.3389/frobt.2020.00001 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Konok, V., Korcsok, B., Miklósi, Á., & Gácsi, M. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.11.002 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Tell me more! assessing interactions with social robots from speech
Laban, G., George, J.-N., Morrison, V., & Cross, E. S. (2020) · Paladyn, Journal of Behavioral Robotics · doi:10.1515/pjbr-2021-0011 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Is chatting with a sophisticated chatbot as good as chatting online or FTF with a stranger?
Drouin, M., Sprecher, S., Nicola, R., & Perkins, T. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.107100 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Love, marriage, pregnancy: Commitment processes in romantic relationships with AI chatbots
Djufril, R., Frampton, J. R., & Knobloch-Westerwick, S. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans · doi:10.1016/j.chbah.2025.100155 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Yang, X. (2026) · International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2026.2618548 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Catch Them All: Exploring the Psychological Impact of Playing Pokémon Go
Wang, R., & Wu, M. (2020) · Journal of Communication Technology · doi:10.51548/joctec-2020-004 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Birnbaum, G. E., Mizrahi, M., Hoffman, G., Reis, H. T., Finkel, E. J., & Sass, O.
- Affiliations
- Reichman University (IL)
- University of Rochester (US)
- Northwestern University (US)
- Cornell Tech (US)
- Corresponding author
- Birnbaum, Gurit E.
- Venue
- Computers in Human Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-10
- Volume
- 63
- Pages
- 416-423
- ISSN
- 0747-5632 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2409462557
- Cited by
- 158
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 8
- FWCI
- 15.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Computers in Human Behavior (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Israel Science Foundation
- Binational Science Foundation (#2011381)
- European Commission FP7 Program (#CIG-293733)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Robot Interaction and HRI
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Human-Animal Interaction Studies
- Keywords
- intimacy, attachment, human-robot interaction, disclosure, companion robots, stress buffering, self-perception, approach behavior
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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